Domestic violence and perinatal outcomes – a prospective cohort study from Nepal

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Obstetric characteristics by any domestic violence in two hospitals in Nepal, 2016

Characteristics	Total		Any domestic violence				p value
	Total		No		Yes
	N = 1381		n = 1098		n = 283
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Parity
Nulliparous	705	51.0	571	52.0	134	47.3	0.092
Multiparous	676	49.0	527	48.0	149	52.7
Antenatal visits before birth (n = 1364)
< 4	294	21.6	235	21.7	59	21.0	0.435
≥ 4	1070	78.4	848	78.3	222	79.0
Knowledge and access of incentive (n = 1379)
No knowledge	361	26.2	269	24.5	92	32.7	0.003
Knowledge no access	91	6.6	67	6.1	24	8.5
Knowledge and access	927	67.2	762	69.4	165	58.7
Mode of delivery (n = 1380)
Vaginal delivery	809	54.6	639	58.2	170	60.1	0.83
Instrumental delivery	52	3.8	41	3.7	11	3.9
Cesarean section	519	37.6	417	38.0	102	36.0
Cesarean section (n = 518)
Elective	79	15.3	68	16.3	11	10.8
Emergency	439	84.7	348	83.7	91	89.2
Indication of cesarean section (n = 388)
Prolonged labor	59	15.2	51	16.2	8	11.0	0.705
Breech presentation	45	11.6	37	11.7	8	11.0
Cephalo-pelvic disproportion	20	5.2	16	5.1	4	5.5
Other fetal causes	73	18.8	61	19.4	12	16.4
Maternal causes	69	17.8	51	16.2	18	24.7
Previous cesarean section	107	27.6	87	27.6	20	27.4
Unknown reasons	15	3.9	12	3.8	3	4.1
Gestational age at recruitment (n = 1322)
12–24 weeks	1041	78.7	830	78.9	211	78.1	0.423
25–28 weeks	281	21.3	222	21.1	59	21.9
Gestational age at birth (n = 1372)
< 37 weeks	122	8.9	91	8.4	31	11.0	0.107
≥ 37 weeks	1250	91.1	998	91.6	252	89.0
Birthweight (n = 1353)
≥ 2500 g	1171	86.5	932	86.8	239	85.7	0.345
< 2500 g	182	13.5	142	13.2	40	14.3
Live birth
No	11	0.8	9	0.8	2	0.7	0.601
Yes	1370	99.2	1089	99.2	281	99.3
Apgar score at five minutes after birth (n = 1327)
< 7	61	4.6	49	4.6	12	4.5	0.529
≥ 7	1266	95.4	1009	95.4	257	95.5
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit (n = 1378)
No	1067	77.4	837	76.4	230	81.3	0.047
Yes	311	22.6	258	23.6	53	18.7

ISSN: 1471-2458