Table 5 Intimate partner violence as an outcome: factors related to IPV among males and females in the three community types

  15 to 24 years (Ref)

–

–

–

  25 to 34 years (2)

0.83 (0.57–1.21)

–

–

0.82 (0.61–1.09)

  35 years and above (3)

0.67 (0.40–1.12)

0.65 (0.43–0.98)

  Never married (Ref)

–

–

–

–

–

  Married with multiple partners (1)

1.51 (0.87–2.59)

1.31 (0.82–2.08)

1.95 (0.97–3.92)

0.82 (0.46–1.44)

1.13 (0.49–2.58)

–

  Married- monogamous (2)

1.73 (1.02–2.93)

1.29 (0.68–2.42)

2.16 (1.16–4.03)

0.91 (0.52–1.57)

2.37 (1.08–5.21)

  Previously married (3)

1.39 (0.82–2.36)

0.81 (0.29–2.27)

1.07 (0.40–2.83)

0.63 (0.35–1.12)

0.59 (0.22–1.59)

  0–1 child

–

–

–

–

  2–3 children

1.11 (0.82–1.49)

  4–5 children

1.07 (0.71–1.60)

  6 children and above

1.11 (0.66–1.89)

  Catholic

–

–

–

–

–

  Protestant

0.49 (0.26–0.92)

0.78 (0.49–1.22)

  Muslim

0.95 (0.64–1.40)

0.54 (0.27–1.09)

  Other or None

0.73 (0.32–1.67)

0.78 (0.23–2.58)

 Education (Years)

–

–

–

–

–

  Fishing

–

–

–

–

  Housework

–

Ref

Ref

  Agriculture

0.87 (0.51–1.48)

1.03 (0.51–2.07)

–

  Business/Trading

0.81 (0.56–1.16)

1.34 (0.65–2.75)

  Bar/Restaurant

1.11 (0.79–1.57)

1.35 (0.51–3.61)

  Other

0.91 (0.65–1.29)

0.68 (0.30–1.51)

  18 and older (Ref)

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Childhood (12 years and under)

1.53 (0.88–2.65)

1.58 (0.85–2.93)

1.00 (0.32–3.06)

  Adolescence (13–17 years)

0.97 (0.73–1.30)

1.15 (0.72–1.84)

0.52 (0.23–1.19)

 Forced first sex

–

–

–

1.12 (0.87–1.45)

1.05 (0.63–1.76)

1.83 (0.67–5.05)

 HIV Status

1.08 (0.82–1.43)

1.05 (0.65–1.68)

1.28 (1.00–1.65)

1.26 (0.78–2.03)

–

 STI Symptoms

1.24 (0.93–1.65)

1.72 (0.97–3.03)

1.23 (0.81–1.87)

1.37 (1.07–1.76)

1.45 (1.01–2.09)

2.03 (0.91–4.52)

  1–5 years’ gap (Ref)

–

  6–10 years’ gap (2)

0.75 (0.50–1.14)

–

–

–

  11 or more years (3)

1.20 (0.68–2.13)

–

–

  Never used condom (Ref)

–

–

–

–

  Sometimes used condom

0.93 (0.69–1.31)

0.75 (0.52–1.09)

1.20 (0.72–1.97)

–

–

  Always used condom

0.45 (0.28–0.72)

0.42 (0.17–1.04)

0.71 (0.39–1.27)

 Multiple sexual partners: Past 12 months

2.32 (1.11–4.85)

4.57 (1.87–11.1)

1.92 (0.83–4.44)

1.39 (1.05–1.83)

1.06 (0.65–1.71)

5.71 (2.56–12.71)

 Partner’s multiple sexual relationships

–

–

–

1.20 (0.89–1.62)

3.54 (1.94–6.48)

1.51 (0.56–4.01)

  -A spouse/consensual regular partner (Ref)

  -Irregular partner

-

1.10 (0.69–1.75)

–

–

–

–

–

 Alcohol use before sex

1.13 (0.81–1.57)

1.62 (0.99–2.64)

1.44 (0.88–2.36)

0.96 (0.74–1.25)

1.13 (0.78–1.63)

0.94 (0.31–2.86)

 Partner’s alcohol use before sex

0.95 (0.69–1.31)

1.46 (0.76–2.79)

1.56 (1.03–2.35)

1.42 (1.10–1.83)

1.53 (1.01–2.33)

2.27 (0.71–7.27)

 Perceived likelihood of partner being exposed to HIV

-

0.72 (0.24–2.11)

  -Very likely or somewhat likely

1.33 (0.84–2.11)

1.24 (0.72–2.13)

 Number of partners outside the community: Past 12 months

-

-

-

-

-

-

  One partner

1.30 (0.72–2.36)

0.85 (0.61–1.19)

1.18 (0.79–1.78)

  Two or more partners

1.94 (1.05–3.60)

1.28 (0.81–2.01)

2.86 (1.09–7.47)

 Household wealth

–

–

–

  High

–

–

–

2.26 (1.00–5.11)

  Middle

0.94 (0.27–3.18)

  Low

 Family size

1.02 (0.96–1.09)

0.93 (0.83–1.04)

0.98 (0.91–1.07)

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

1.07 (0.99–1.14)

1.08 (0.99–1.19)

 Any Justification of wife/partner beating

3.05 (1.99–4.69)

–

1.49 (0.86–2.57)

1.38 (0.98–1.95)

–

1.69 (0.85–3.38)