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Table 3 HIV status as an outcome: IPV and other factors related to HIV status among males and females in the three community types

From: Intimate partner violence, HIV and sexually transmitted infections in fishing, trading and agrarian communities in Rakai, Uganda

 

Males

Females

Fishing

Trading

Agrarian

Fishing

Trading

Agrarian

Individual characteristics

Age

  15 to 24 years (Ref)

  

  25 to 34 years

1.91 (1.19–3.05)

2.29 (1.47–3.57)

1.60 (1.09–2.34)

1.47 (1.19–1.82

0.79 (0.52–1.21)

1.49 (1.01–2.19)

  35 years and above

1.86 (1.08–3.22)

4.26 (2.72–6.65)

2.37 (1.61–3.48)

1.58 (1.24–2.00)

1.07 (0.67–1.73)

1.25 (0.82–1.89)

Marital Status

  Never married (Ref)

  Married with multiple partners

1.09 (0.64–1.84)

2.88 (1.53–5.42)

2.06 (1.11–3.81)

1.26 (0.75–2.12)

2.97 (0.91–9.69)

2.28 (0.56–9.32)

  Married- monogamous

1.10 (0.57–2.11)

3.50 (2.02–6.06)

2.44 (1.42–4.18)

1.40 (0.84–2.33)

3.57 (1.16–11.05)

2.85 (0.66–12.30)

  Previously married

1.44 (0.92–2.27)

3.81 (2.15–6.75)

2.76 (1.49–5.10)

1.46 (0.87–2.44)

3.28 (1.63–6.63)

4.23 (1.07–16.6)

Religion

  Catholic

  Protestant

1.29 (0.94–1.77)

0.66 (0.44–0.98)

0.96 (0.72–1.27)

   

  Muslim

0.82 (0.53–1.25)

0.52 (0.35–0.78)

0.61 (0.40–0.94)

   

  Other or None

0.79 (0.42–1.46)

0.56 (0.27–1.25)

1.27 (0.78–2.07)

   

Education (Years)

 

0.92 (0.83–1.00)

0.98 (0.84–1.15)

Type of Occupation

  Fishing

Ref

  Housework

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Agriculture

0.18 (0.02–1.30)

1.19 (0.84–1.68)

Ref

0.73 (0.51–1.04)

0.83 (0.47–1.45)

2.20 (0.75–6.48)

  Business/Trading

0.63 (0.39–1.01)

Ref

1.34 (0.92–1.96)

0.96 (0.78–1.18)

0.75 (0.38–1.51)

2.39 (0.91–6.29)

  Bar/Restaurant

0.88 (0.71–1.08)

1.21 (0.61–2.42)

2.92 (1.15–7.43)

  Other

0.62 (0.43–0.91)

0.96 (0.67–1.36_

1.12 (0.92–1.36)

0.87 (0.71–1.08)

0.55 (0.27–1.11)

1.79 (0.70–4.56)

Age of first sexual intercourse

  

   

  18 and older (Ref)

 

  Childhood (12 years and under)

   

1.30 (0.92–1.84)

0.86 (0.62–1.20)

1.85 (0.75–4.57)

  Adolescence (13–17 years)

   

1.11 (0.91–1.34)

1.37 (0.68–2.74)

1.50 (0.92–2.46)

Forced first sex

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

0.49 (0.06–3.56)

1.14 (0.79–1.65)

Relationship charactersitics

Any Physical or Sexual IPV

1.00 (0.71–1.41)

0.86 (0.53–1.38)

1.38 (0.92–2.10)

1.07 (0.93–1.22)

1.27 (0.76–2.11)

0.91 (0.62–1.32)

Age Gap Between Partners

  1–5 years’ gap (Ref)

 

 

  6–10 years’ gap (2)

1.23 (0.92–1.64)

0.96 0.76–1.21)

0.95 (0.70–1.31)

0.86 (0.62–1.21)

  11 or more years (3)

1.26 (0.83–1.90)

0.63 (0.39–1.02)

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

 

1.37 (0.68–2.74)

 

Condom use in past year

  Never used condom (Ref)

      

  Sometimes used condom

 

1.20 (0.94–1.54)

  Always used condom

    

1.32 (0.69–2.50)

 

Multiple sexual partners: Past 12 months

1.18 (0.84–1.66)

1.37 (0.95–1.97)

1.38 (1.15–1.65)

1.05 (0.89–1.23)

1.16 (0.75–1.80)

1.44 (1.03–2.02)

Partner’s multiple sexual relationships

1.15 (0.96–1.37)

1.38 (0.62–3.07)

1.26 (0.81–1.96)

Alcohol use before sex

0.99 (0.74–1.32)

1.04 (0.77–1.41)

1.05 (0.81–1.35)

1.17 (1.01–1.36)

1.33 (0.92–1.93)

0.83 (0.58–1.19)

Partner’s alcohol use before sex

1.25 (0.95–1.64)

0.93 (0.65–1.31)

1.18 (0.93–1.51)

1.15 (0.98–1.33)

0.65 (0.39–1.08)

1.87 (1.37–2.54)

Perceived likelihood of partner being exposed to HIV

  -Very likely or somewhat likely

1.17 (0.58–2.34)

2.18 (1.47–3.23)

2.37 (1.83–3.06)

1.79 (1.30–2.46)

1.41 (0.71–2.81)

2.39 (1.51–3.79)

Number of partners outside the community: Past 12 months

 

-

 

-

-

 

  One partner

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

 

1.22 (0.98–1.52)

   

  Two or more partners

0.97 (0.65–1.44)

 

0.92 (0.64–1.32)

   

Partner’s movement

 

  

 

  Regular resident of the community

0.95 (0.64–1.42)

  

  

  Not a regular

      

Household characteristics

      

Household wealth

    

  High

  

  Middle

1.45 (0.87–2.44)

0.95 (0.78–1.17)

 

1.07 (0.81–1.41)

 

1.09 0.80–1.48)

  Low

1.28 (0.87–1.88)

1.18 (0.89–1.57)

 

1.24 (1.04–1.47)

 

0.91 (0.61–1.37)

Family size

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

0.86 (0.81–0.92)

0.91 (0.85–0.98)

0.94 (0.90–0.97)

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

0.89 (0.82–0.96)

  1. Bold presents significant variables; Only variables significant at .05 level in the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate model; The types of occupation categories were changed for males and females in fishing, trading and agrarian communities. In fishing communities, fishing was the reference group for males with other occupation categories being agriculture, business and other; In trading communities, males’ occupation types were classified into trading, agriculture and other with trading being the reference group; For males in agrarian communities, the reference group was agriculture, with business/trading and other categories. For women, occupation categories included housework, agriculture, business, hotel/bar and other with housework as the reference group