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Table 4 Multilevel models for vigorous-intensity physical activity with unstandardised and standardised fixed effects at individual- and country-level (N = 138,014)

From: Do country-level environmental factors explain cross-national variation in adolescent physical activity? A multilevel study in 29 European countries

  

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

  

b (SE)

p

β

b (SE)

p

β

b (SE)

p

β

Fixed effects (individual -level)

Intercept

1.709 (0.218)

< .001

 

−2.745 (1.144)

.415

 

−1.992 (0.961)

0.011

 

Gender a

0.738 (0.049)

< .001

.16

0.738 (0.049)

< .001

.16

0.738 (0.049)

< .001

.16

Age

0.039 (0.014)

.005

.03

0.039 (0.014)

.005

.03

0.039 (0.014)

0.005

.03

Fixed effects (country-level)

Ntl. temperature

   

−0.035 (0.011)

.002

−.23

−0.034 (0.010)

.001

−.23

Urbanisation

   

0.013 (0.005)

.004

.32

0.015 (0.004)

< .001

.36

Adult PA

   

0.028 (0.010)

.005

.42

0.023 (0.009)

.009

.34

Safety

   

0.008 (0.004)

.037

.17

   

Ntl. income

   

0.066 (0.016)

< .001

.67

0.064 (0.012)

< .001

.65

Income inequality

   

0.004 (0.013)

.767

.03

   

PE policy

   

−0.003 (0.002)

.247

−.14

   

Transport policy

   

−0.115 (0.109)

.288

−.12

   

Variance components

Individual-level

4.923 (0.118)

< .001

 

4.923 (0.118)

< .001

 

4.923 (0.118)

< .001

 

School-level

0.208 (0.025)

< .001

 

0.207 (0.025)

< .001

 

0.207 (0.025)

< .001

 

Country-level b

0.248 (0.058)

< .001

 

0.038 (0.009)

< .001

 

0.046 (0.013)

< .001

 
  1. Ntl. National, PA Physical Activity, PE Physical Education. National income divided by 1000 for interpretability of b values
  2. aFemale is reference group
  3. bExplained country-level variance = (.248–.046)/.248 = .81
  4. p<.05 are set in bold