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Table 2 Association between variables and incontinence in urban population

From: Urinary incontinence among urban and rural community dwelling older women: prevalence, risk factors and quality of life

Variable

Total

Urban n (%)

P-Value

431

UI 69 (16.0)

Non-UI 362 (84.0)

Age (years) (mean ± s.d.)

71.2 ± 5.4

71.1 ± 5.5

71.2 ± 5.4

0.812+

Age Range

0.678#

 60–69

194

32 (46.4)

162 (44.8)

 

 70–79

199

32 (46.4)

167 (46.1)

 

  ≥ 80

38

5 (7.2)

33 (9.1)

 

Ethnicity

0.042*#

 Malay

151

33 (47.8)

118 (32.6)

 

 Chinese

244

30 (43.5)

214 (59.1)

 

 Indian

36

6 (8.7)

30 (8.3)

 

Marital Status

0.518#

 Married

229

37 (53.6)

192 (53.0)

 

 Unmarried/Widowed/Divorced

202

32 (46.4)

170 (47.0)

 

Education

0.637#

  ≤ 6 Years

316

49 (71.0)

267 (73.8)

 

  > 6 Years

115

20 (29.0)

95 (26.2)

 

Smoking History

0.312#

 Smoker

7

2 (2.9)

5 (1.4)

 

 Non/Past Smoker

424

67 (97.1)

86 (98.6)

 

BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± s.d.)

25.3 ± 4.5

26.0 ± 4.5

25.2 ± 4.5

0.200+

Multimorbidity

0.091#

  < 2 chronic diseases

258

35 (50.7)

223 (61.6)

 

  ≥ 2 chronic diseases

173

34 (49.3)

139 (38.4)

 

History of Falls

0.455#

 No

359

57 (82.6)

302 (83.4)

 

 Yes

70

12 (17.4)

58 (16.6)

 

Chronic Constipation

0.073#

 No

402

61 (88.4)

341 (94.2)

 

 Yes

29

8 (11.6)

21 (5.8)

 

Mild Cognitive Impairment

0.072#

 No

387

58 (84.1)

329 (85.0)

 

 Yes

44

11 (15.9)

33 (15.0)

 

Physical Performance (mean ± s.d)

 Functional Mobility (TUG) (seconds)

11.2 ± 3.6

11.9 ± 4.4

11.1 ± 3.3

0.059+

 Muscle Strength (HGS) (kg)

20.1 ± 4.6

20.6 ± 4.8

19.9 ± 4.6

0.270+

  1. * p < 0.05, # χ2 test was used, +Independent Samples T-Test was used
  2. BMI Body Mass Index, TUG Timed Up and Go, HGS Handgrip Strength, kg Kilogram, sec seconds