Variable | Total | Urban n (%) | P-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
431 | UI 69 (16.0) | Non-UI 362 (84.0) | ||
Age (years) (mean ± s.d.) | 71.2 ± 5.4 | 71.1 ± 5.5 | 71.2 ± 5.4 | 0.812+ |
Age Range | 0.678# | |||
60–69 | 194 | 32 (46.4) | 162 (44.8) | |
70–79 | 199 | 32 (46.4) | 167 (46.1) | |
≥ 80 | 38 | 5 (7.2) | 33 (9.1) | |
Ethnicity | 0.042*# | |||
Malay | 151 | 33 (47.8) | 118 (32.6) | |
Chinese | 244 | 30 (43.5) | 214 (59.1) | |
Indian | 36 | 6 (8.7) | 30 (8.3) | |
Marital Status | 0.518# | |||
Married | 229 | 37 (53.6) | 192 (53.0) | |
Unmarried/Widowed/Divorced | 202 | 32 (46.4) | 170 (47.0) | |
Education | 0.637# | |||
≤ 6 Years | 316 | 49 (71.0) | 267 (73.8) | |
> 6 Years | 115 | 20 (29.0) | 95 (26.2) | |
Smoking History | 0.312# | |||
Smoker | 7 | 2 (2.9) | 5 (1.4) | |
Non/Past Smoker | 424 | 67 (97.1) | 86 (98.6) | |
BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± s.d.) | 25.3 ± 4.5 | 26.0 ± 4.5 | 25.2 ± 4.5 | 0.200+ |
Multimorbidity | 0.091# | |||
< 2 chronic diseases | 258 | 35 (50.7) | 223 (61.6) | |
≥ 2 chronic diseases | 173 | 34 (49.3) | 139 (38.4) | |
History of Falls | 0.455# | |||
No | 359 | 57 (82.6) | 302 (83.4) | |
Yes | 70 | 12 (17.4) | 58 (16.6) | |
Chronic Constipation | 0.073# | |||
No | 402 | 61 (88.4) | 341 (94.2) | |
Yes | 29 | 8 (11.6) | 21 (5.8) | |
Mild Cognitive Impairment | 0.072# | |||
No | 387 | 58 (84.1) | 329 (85.0) | |
Yes | 44 | 11 (15.9) | 33 (15.0) | |
Physical Performance (mean ± s.d) | ||||
Functional Mobility (TUG) (seconds) | 11.2 ± 3.6 | 11.9 ± 4.4 | 11.1 ± 3.3 | 0.059+ |
Muscle Strength (HGS) (kg) | 20.1 ± 4.6 | 20.6 ± 4.8 | 19.9 ± 4.6 | 0.270+ |