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Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of participants (n = 814)

From: Urinary incontinence among urban and rural community dwelling older women: prevalence, risk factors and quality of life

Variable

Total N

Strata n (%)

P-Value

814

Urban

431 (52.9)

Rural

383 (47.1)

Age (years) (mean±s.d.)

71.7±5.7

71.2±5.4

72.4±6.1

0.003**+

Ethnicity

<0.001***#

 Malay

477

151 (35.0)

326 (85.1)

 

 Chinese

298

244 (56.6)

54 (14.1)

 

 Indian

39

36 (8.4)

3 (0.8)

 

Marital Status

<0.001***#

 Married

387

229 (53.1)

158 (41.3)

 

 Unmarried/Widowed/Divorced

427

202 (46.9)

225 (58.7)

 

Years of Education

<0.001***#

 ≤ 6 years

665

316 (73.3)

349 (91.1)

 

 > 6 years

149

115 (26.7)

34 (8.9)

 

Smoking Habit

0.230#

 Smoker

17

7 (1.6)

10 (2.6)

 

 Non/Past Smoker

797

424 (98.4)

373 (97.4)

 

BMI (kg/m2) (mean±s.d.)

25.1±4.7

25.3±4.5

24.9±4.9

0.198+

Multimorbidity

0.320

 < 2 chronic diseases

474

258 (59.9)

216 (56.4)

 

 ≥ 2 chronic diseases

340

173 (40.1)

167 (43.6)

 

Urinary Incontinence

0.008*#

 No

657

362 (84.0)

295 (77.0)

 

 Yes

157

69 (16.0)

88 (23.0)

 

History of Falls

0.125#

 No

661

359 (83.3)

302 (78.9)

 

 Yes

144

701 (16.7)

74 (21.1)

 

Chronic Constipation

0.101#

 No

749

402 (93.3)

347 (90.6)

 

 Yes

65

29 (6.7)

36 (9.4)

 

Mild Cognitive Impairment

0.116#

 No

741

387 (89.8)

354 (92.4)

 

 Yes

73

44 (10.2)

29 (7.6)

 

Physical Performance (mean±s.d)

 Functional Mobility (TUG) (sec)

12.2±4.0

11.2±3.6

13.3±4.2

<0.001***+

 Muscle Strength (HGS) (kg)

18.9±4.8

20.6±4.8

17.5±4.4

<0.001***+

  1. * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, # χ2 test was used,+Independent Samples T-Test was used
  2. BMI Body Mass Index, TUG Timed Up and Go, HGS Handgrip Strength, kg Kilogram, sec seconds