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Table 3 Means and standard deviations for psychological distress scores stratified by work bullying status and individual income among employees (N = 5235)

From: Workplace bullying and psychological distress of employees across socioeconomic strata: a cross-sectional study

Variable (score range)

Psychological distress

Never bullied n = 3190

Ever bullied n = 2045

Total n = 5235

M ± SD

N (%)

M ± SD

N (%)

M ± SD

N (%)

Individual income

 ≤ RM 3999a

6.78 ± 4.69

1136 (35.6)

9.93 ± 4.76

720 (35.2)

8.00 ± 4.97

1856 (35.5)

 RM 4000 to RM 7999b

5.83 ± 4.65

923 (28.9)

8.49 ± 4.87

625 (30.5)

6.90 ± 4.91

1548 (29.6)

 RM 8000 and abovec

4.66 ± 3.86

1131 (35.5)

7.59 ± 4.56

700 (34.2)

5.78 ± 4.37

1831 (35.0)

Overall (all income levels)

5.75 ± 4.49

n = 3190

8.69 ± 4.83

n = 2045

6.90 ± 4.84

N = 5235

  1. Note: Percentages by column
  2. a,b,c: all p-values are significant at a 0.05 level