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Table 3 Odds ratio for intelligence quotient (IQ) by sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status

From: Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children

 

Unadjusted modela

Adjusted modela

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Income groupsb

 Below MYR1500

Low/borderline/below average

2.51*

1.47, 4.27

2.01*

1.16, 3.49

Average

2.27*

1.45, 3.54

1.95*

1.24, 3.06

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 MYR1500-MYR2299

Low/borderline/below average

1.34

0.78, 2.30

1.15

0.66, 2.01

Average

1.30

0.82, 2.07

1.18

0.74, 1.90

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 MYR2300-MYR5599

Low/borderline/below average

1.14

0.71, 1.84

1.06

0.65, 1.72

Average

1.44

0.99, 2.09

1.38

0.95, 2.02

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

Paternal education levelc

 Non-schooling and primary school

Low/borderline/below average

1.78

0.93, 3.43

2.38*

1.22, 4.62

Average

0.90

0.51, 1.60

1.11

0.63, 1.97

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 Secondary school

Low/borderline/below average

1.42

0.93, 2.17

1.63*

1.06, 2.52

Average

1.01

0.73, 1.40

1.12

0.80, 1.55

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

Maternal education levelc

 Non-schooling and primary school

Low/borderline/below average

2.50*

1.25, 5.00

2.64*

1.32, 5.30

Average

2.07*

1.07, 4.02

2.12*

1.10, 4.08

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 Secondary school

Low/borderline/below average

1.41

0.95, 2.10

1.34

0.89, 2.02

Average

1.63*

1.17, 2.28

1.55*

1.11, 2.17

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

BAZ groupsd

 Thinness

Low/borderline/below average

0.94

0.54, 1.64

0.79

0.45, 1.41

Average

1.23

0.74, 2.03

1.05

0.64, 1.73

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 Overweight

Low/borderline/below average

1.44

0.92, 2.26

1.45

0.93, 2.27

Average

1.12

0.78, 1.62

1.08

0.74, 1.57

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 Obese

Low/borderline/below average

1.32

0.83, 2.10

1.33

0.82, 2.17

Average

1.09

0.74, 1.60

1.06

0.69, 1.61

High average/superior

1

 

1

 

 Severe obesity

Low/borderline/below average

2.08*

1.14, 3.77

2.28*

1.23, 4.24

Average

1.21

0.70, 2.11

1.28

0.73, 2.24

High average/superior

1

 

1

 
  1. *Significant odds ratio using complex sample logistic regression at p < 0.05
  2. aReference category of IQ groups is high average/superior. Sex, ethnicity, age and residence areas (rural/urban) were adjusted in the adjusted model
  3. bReference category of income groups is high income group (MYR5600 and above). ǂUSD 1 = MYR 4.1405 (as at 28 September 2018)
  4. cReference category of paternal and maternal education level is tertiary education level
  5. dReference category of BAZ groups is normal weight
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