Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional status and intelligence quotient (IQ) of children aged 5.0 to 12.9 years
| Â | Unweighted count (n) | Estimated population | Percentage (%) | 95% CI | Mean | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 2406 | 3,548,653 | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 9.0 | 0.1 |
Sex | ||||||
 Boys | 1201 | 1,823,998 | 51.4 | 48.7, 54.0 |  |  |
 Girls | 1205 | 1,724,655 | 48.6 | 46.0, 51.3 |  |  |
Age groups | ||||||
 5.0–6.9 years | 631 | 865,374 | 24.3 | 22.3, 26.6 |  |  |
 7.0–9.9 years | 892 | 1,339,714 | 37.8 | 35.3, 40.3 |  |  |
 10.0–12.9 years | 883 | 1,343,566 | 37.9 | 35.2, 40.6 |  |  |
Residence | ||||||
 Urban | 1440 | 2,833,601 | 79.9 | 78.0, 81.5 |  |  |
 Rural | 966 | 715,052 | 20.1 | 18.5, 22.0 |  |  |
Income groups | ||||||
 Below MYR1500 | 863 | 1,104,249 | 31.1 | 28.7, 33.7 |  |  |
 MYR1500-MYR2299 | 434 | 707,382 | 19.9 | 17.8, 22.2 |  |  |
 MYR2300-MYR5599 | 712 | 1,111,841 | 31.3 | 29.0, 33.8 |  |  |
 MYR5600 and above | 397 | 625,182 | 17.7 | 15.7, 19.7 |  |  |
Paternal education level | ||||||
 Non-schooling and primary school | 221 | 281,450 | 7.9 | 6.5, 9.7 |  |  |
 Secondary school | 1577 | 2,290,524 | 64.6 | 62.0, 67.1 |  |  |
 Tertiary school | 608 | 976,680 | 27.5 | 25.2, 29.9 |  |  |
Maternal education level | ||||||
 Non-schooling and primary school | 193 | 248,762 | 7.0 | 5.7, 8.7 |  |  |
 Secondary school | 1604 | 2,354,731 | 66.4 | 63.8, 68.8 |  |  |
 Tertiary school | 609 | 945,161 | 26.6 | 24.4, 29.0 |  |  |
Ethnicity | ||||||
 Malay | 1148 | 2,098,763 | 59.1 | 56.6, 61.6 |  |  |
 Chinese | 593 | 682,464 | 19.2 | 17.5, 21.1 |  |  |
 Indian | 172 | 236,120 | 6.7 | 5.5, 8.0 |  |  |
 Others | 493 | 531,307 | 15.0 | 13.4, 16.6 |  |  |
Anthropometry | ||||||
 Weight (kg) |  |  |  |  | 31.0 | 0.4 |
 Height (cm) |  |  |  |  | 130.2 | 0.4 |
 Body mass index (BMI)(kg/m2) |  |  |  |  | 17.6 | 0.1 |
 BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ) |  |  |  |  | 0.2 | 0.1 |
 Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) |  |  |  |  | −0.4 | 0.1 |
Nutritional status | ||||||
 Thinness | 161 | 244,094 | 6.9 | 5.6, 8.5 |  |  |
 Normal weight | 1548 | 2,245,077 | 63.3 | 60.6, 65.8 |  |  |
 Overweight | 314 | 462,766 | 13.0 | 11.3, 15.0 |  |  |
 Obese | 270 | 423,983 | 11.9 | 10.2, 14.0 |  |  |
 Severe obesity | 113 | 172,734 | 4.9 | 3.9, 6.0 |  |  |
 Stunted | 158 | 213,483 | 6.0 | 4.9, 7.4 |  |  |
Intelligence quotient (IQ) | ||||||
 Low/borderline | 324 | 433,580 | 12.2 | 10.6, 14.0 |  |  |
 Below average | 307 | 485,845 | 13.7 | 11.8, 15.8 |  |  |
 Average | 913 | 1,388,445 | 39.1 | 36.6, 41.8 |  |  |
 High average | 451 | 651,509 | 18.4 | 16.5, 20.4 |  |  |
 Superior | 411 | 589,275 | 16.6 | 14.8, 18.6 |  |  |