|
I. Sociodemographic & Socioeconomic Factors
|
|
Age (years)a
|
52.56 (8.65)
|
52.27 (8.96)
|
0.01
|
1.004
|
0.977,1.031
|
0.08
|
0.782
|
|
Educational level
|
|
Low education
|
120 (84.5)
|
115 (81.0)
|
0.25
|
1.28
|
0.69,2.38
|
0.62
|
0.433
|
|
[High education]
|
22 (15.5)
|
27 (19.0)
| | | | | |
|
Economic Status (Income per capita)
|
|
Low (≤ RM 685)
|
105 (73.9)
|
95 (66.9)
|
0.34
|
1.40
|
0.84,2.34
|
1.68
|
0.194
|
|
[High (> RM 685)]
|
37 (26.1)
|
47 (33.1)
| | | | | |
|
Occupation
|
|
Non- professional
|
121 (85.2)
|
119 (83.8)
|
0.11
|
1.11
|
0.59,2.12
|
0.11
|
0.743
|
|
[Professional]
|
21 (14.8)
|
23 (16.2)
| | | | | |
|
II. Genetic factors
|
|
Family history of IHD
|
|
Yes
|
60 (42.3)
|
37 (26.1)
|
0.73
|
2.08
|
1.26,3.43
|
8.16
|
0.004
|
|
[No]
|
82 (57.7)
|
105 (73.9)
| | | | | |
|
III. Co-morbidities, Anthropometric measurement and biochemical markers
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus
|
|
Yes
|
57 (40.1)
|
34 (23.9)
|
0.76
|
2.13
|
1.28,3.55
|
8.41
|
0.004
|
|
[No]
|
85 (59.9)
|
108 (76.1)
| | | | | |
|
Hypertension
|
|
Yes
|
90 (63.4)
|
72 (50.7)
|
0.52
|
1.69
|
1.05,2.70
|
4.63
|
0.031
|
|
[No]
|
52 (36.6)
|
70 (49.3)
| | | | | |
|
Autoimmune Disease
|
|
Yes
|
4 (2.8)
|
1 (0.7)
|
1.41
|
4.09
|
0.45,37.03
|
1.57
|
0.211
|
|
[No]
|
138 (97.2)
|
141 (99.3)
| | | | | |
|
Migraine
|
|
Yes
|
32 (22.5)
|
26 (18.3)
|
0.26
|
1.30
|
0.73,2.32
|
0.78
|
0.378
|
|
[No]
|
110 (77.5)
|
116 (81.7)
| | | | | |
|
Waist circumferencea
|
90.1 (14.5)
|
87.9 (12.7)
|
0.02
|
1.02
|
1.00, 1.04
|
4.80
|
0.029
|
|
Obesity (BMI)
|
|
Obese
|
43 (30.3)
|
35 (24.6)
|
0.28
|
1.33
|
0.79,2.24
|
1.12
|
0.288
|
|
[Non obese]
|
99 (69.7)
|
107 (75.4)
| | | | | |
|
LDL-Cholesterol level (mmol/L)a
|
3.65 (1.38)
|
3.88 (1.09)
|
−0.15
|
0.86
|
0.71,1.04
|
2.41
|
0.121
|
|
HDL-Cholesterol level (Category)(mmol/L)
|
|
Low HDL (< 1.0)
|
21 (14.8)
|
7 (4.9)
|
1.26
|
3.34
|
1.46,8.57
|
7.82
|
0.005
|
|
[High HDL (≥1.0)]
|
121 (85.2)
|
135 (95.1)
| | | | | |
|
IV. Life style factor
|
|
Dietary Intake (Fat)
|
|
High
|
31 (21.8)
|
25 (17.6)
|
0.27
|
1.31
|
0.73,2.35
|
0.80
|
0.372
|
|
[Low]
|
111 (78.2)
|
117 (82.4)
| | | | | |
|
Physical activity
|
|
Low
|
39 (27.5)
|
29 (20.4)
|
0.39
|
1.48
|
0.85,2.56
|
1.92
|
0.166
|
|
[High]
|
103 (72.5)
|
113 (79.6)
| | | | | |
|
Stress
|
|
Yes
|
49 (34.5)
|
42 (29.6)
|
0.23
|
1.25
|
0.76,2.07
|
0.79
|
0.374
|
|
[No]
|
93 (65.5)
|
100 (70.4)
| | | | | |
|
Smoking
|
|
Yes
|
3 (2.1)
|
1 (0.7)
|
1.11
|
3.02
|
0.31;29.20
|
0.91
|
0.341
|
|
[No]
|
139 (97.9)
|
140 (98.6)
| | | | | |
|
V. Environment factors
|
|
Passive smoking
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
91 (64.1)
|
53 (37.3)
|
1.10
|
3.00
|
1.85,4.85
|
19.84
|
< 0.001
|
|
[No]
|
51 (35.9)
|
89 (62.7)
| | | | | |
