Table 2 Prevalence of hypertension (HPN), hypercholesterolemia (HPC) and diabetes mellitus (DM) by socio-demography of respondents
Risk factors | Hypertension, N (row %) | Chi-square/p-value | Hypercholesterolemia, N (row %) | Chi-square/p-value | Diabetes Mellitus, N (row %) | Chi-square/p-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HPN (n = 108) | Non-HPN (n = 222) | HPC (n = 140) | Non-HPC (n = 190) | DM (n = 24) | Non-DM (n = 306) | ||||||||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||||
Sex | 0.133/ | Â | 0.303/ | Â | 0.523/ | ||||||||||
 Men | 42 | (31.6) | 91 | (68.4) | 0.715 | 54 | (40.6) | 79 | (59.4) | 0.582 | 8 | (6.0) | 125 | (94.0) | 0.524 |
 Women | 66 | (33.5) | 131 | (66.5) | 86 | (43.7) | 111 | (56.3) | 16 | (8.1) | 181 | (91.9) | |||
Age group (years) | 32.226/ | Â | 21.754/ | Â | 13.058/ | ||||||||||
 19–29 | 9 | (11.2) | 71 | (88.8) | < 0.001 | 16 | (20.0) | 64 | (80.0) | < 0.001 | 0 | (0.0) | 80 | (100.0) | 0.001 |
 30–59 | 75 | (35.5) | 136 | (64.5) | 105 | (49.8) | 106 | (50.2) | 17 | (8.1) | 194 | (91.9) | |||
  ≥ 60 | 24 | (61.5) | 15 | (38.5) | 19 | (48.7) | 20 | (51.3) | 7 | (17.9) | 32 | (82.1) | |||
Educational level | 32.218/ | Â | 34.319/ | Â | 5.237/ | ||||||||||
 No formal education | 47 | (56.6) | 36 | (43.4) | < 0.001 | 56 | (67.5) | 27 | (32.5) | < 0.001 | 9 | (10.8) | 74 | (89.2) | 0.264 |
 Primary school | 21 | (32.3) | 44 | (67.7) | 26 | (40.0) | 39 | (60.0) | 5 | (7.7) | 60 | (92.3) | |||
 Secondary school | 37 | (23.4) | 121 | (76.6) | 52 | (32.9) | 106 | (67.1) | 10 | (6.3) | 148 | (93.7) | |||
 High School Certificate/Diploma | 2 | (12.5) | 14 | (87.5) | 2 | (12.5) | 14 | (87.5) | 0 | (0.0) | 16 | (100.0) | |||
 Bachelor’s degree | 1 | (12.5) | 7 | (87.5) | 4 | (50.0) | 4 | (50.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 8 | (100.0) | |||
Marital status | 19.410/ | Â | 21.696/ | Â | 8.725/ | ||||||||||
 Single | 12 | (15.6) | 65 | (84.4) | < 0.001 | 18 | (23.4) | 59 | (76.6) | < 0.001 | 1 | (1.3) | 76 | (98.7) | 0.033 |
 Married | 76 | (35.2) | 140 | (64.8) | 100 | (46.3) | 116 | (53.7) | 18 | (8.3) | 198 | (91.7) | |||
 Divorced/Separated | 1 | (50.0) | 1 | (50.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (100.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (100.0) | |||
 Widow/Widower | 19 | (54.3) | 16 | (45.7) | 22 | (62.9) | 13 | (37.1) | 5 | (14.3) | 30 | (85.7) | |||
Occupation | 11.521/ | Â | 11.494/ | Â | 3.375/ | ||||||||||
 Unemployed | 11 | (17.5) | 52 | (82.5) | 0.009 | 15 | (23.8) | 48 | (76.2) | 0.009 | 2 | (3.2) | 61 | (96.8) | 0.337 |
 Housewife | 56 | (38.9) | 88 | (61.1) | 70 | (48.6) | 74 | (51.4) | 12 | (8.3) | 132 | (91.7) | |||
 Self-employed | 31 | (30.4) | 71 | (69.6) | 46 | (45.1) | 56 | (54.9) | 6 | (5.9) | 96 | (94.1) | |||
 Employed | 10 | (47.6) | 11 | (52.4) | 9 | (42.9) | 12 | (57.1) | 1 | (4.8) | 20 | (95.2) | |||
Household income (RM/month) | 0.450/ | Â | 0.837/ | Â | 0.095/ | ||||||||||
 Hardcore poor | 78 | (32.6) | 161 | (67.4) | 0.799 | 101 | (42.3) | 138 | (57.7) | 0.658 | 18 | (7.5) | 221 | (92.5) | 0.954 |
 Poor | 14 | (29.8) | 33 | (70.2) | 18 | (38.3) | 29 | (61.7) | 3 | (6.4) | 44 | (93.6) | |||
 Above PLI | 16 | (36.4) | 28 | (63.6) | 21 | (47.7) | 23 | (52.3) | 3 | (12.5) | 41 | (93.2) | |||
Household size (People) | 0.035/ | Â | 0.724/ | Â | 0.360/ | ||||||||||
 1–5 | 43 | (33.3) | 86 | (66.7) | 0.851 | 51 | (39.5) | 78 | (60.5) | 0.395 | 8 | (6.2) | 121 | (93.8) | 0.666 |
  ≥ 6 | 65 | (32.3) | 136 | (67.7) | 89 | (44.3) | 112 | (55.7) | 16 | (8.0) | 185 | (92.0) | |||
Smoking status | 0.043/ 0.836 | Â | 1.832/ 0.176 | Â | 1.372/ 0.334 | ||||||||||
 Smoker | 13 | (34.2) | 25 | (65.8) | 20 | (52.9) | 18 | (47.4) | 1 | (2.6) | 37 | (97.4) | |||
 Non/Ex-smoker | 95 | (32.5) | 197 | (67.5) | 120 | (41.1) | 172 | (58.9) | 23 | (7.9) | 269 | (92.1) | |||