Table 2 Hazard ratios by FEV category for mortality by cause and incidence for cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease in 22662 men and women in the EPIC-Norfolk 1993-2015

 Deaths: all causes % (n)

35.8 (1108)

25.7 (794)

18.7 (579)

12.7 (394)

7.1 (221)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.69(0.63,0.75)

0.60(0.54,0.66)

0.55(0.49,0.62)

0.48(0.41,0.56)

0.72(0.69,0.75)

<0.001

HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.74(0.67,0.82)

0.69(0.61.77)

0.66(0.58,0.76)

0.63(0.52,0.76)

0.77(0.73,0.81)

<0.001

 Deaths from cardiovascular causes % (n)

37.5 (359)

29.2 (279)

16.3 (156)

12.1 (116)

4.9 (47)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.77(0.66,0.9)

0.54(0.44,0.65)

0.57(0.46,0.72)

0.39(0.28,0.54)

0.70(0.65,0.76)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.89(0.75,1.06)

0.67(0.54,0.84)

0.75(0.58,0.97)

0.64(0.44,0.92)

0.80(0.73,0.88)

<0.001

 Deaths from myocardial infarction causes % (n)

35.1 (191)

29.5 (161)

15.2 (83)

14.1 (77)

6.1 (33)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.84(0.68,1.04)

0.54(0.41,0.70)

0.71(0.53,0.94)

0.50(0.33,0.75)

0.75(0.68,0.83)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.99(0.78,1.26)

0.70(0.52,0.94)

0.97(0.70,1.35)

0.90(0.57,1.42)

0.88(0.78,1.00)

0.05

 Deaths from stroke causes % (n)

33.7 ( 68)

31.7 (64)

19.8 (40)

12.3 (25)

2.5 (5)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.91(0.65,1.28)

0.72(0.48,1.08)

0.66(0.41,1.08)

0.24(0.09,0.61)

0.73(0.62,0.86)

0.027

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.97(0.66,1.42)

0.78(0.49,1.23)

0.78(0.45,1.37)

0.38(0.14,1.04)

0.78(0.64,0.95)

0.015

 Deaths from respiratory disease causes %(n)

62.4 (184)

17.6 (52)

12.5 (37)

5.1 (15)

2.4 (7)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.27(0.20,0.37)

0.24(0.17,0.35)

0.14(0.08,0.25)

0.12(0.05,0.26)

0.32(0.28,0.36)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.33(0.23,0.46)

0.29(0.19,0.43)

0.20(0.11,0.35)

0.19(0.08,0.43)

0.35(0.30,0.41)

<0.001

 Cardiovascular disease events %(n)

28.5 (1028)

23.9 (863)

21.1 (760)

15.9 (576)

10.6 (384)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.78(0.71,0.85)

0.73(0.66,0.80)

0.64(0.57,0.71)

0.51(0.45,0.58)

0.80(0.77,0.83)

<0.001

HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.82(0.74,0.91)

0.81(0.72,0.90)

0.73(0.64,0.82)

0.63(0.54,0.73)

0.85(0.81,0.89)

<0.001

 Myocardial infarction events % (n)

30.6(528)

25.0(431)

19.7 (340)

15.9 (275)

8.8 (152)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.78(0.69,0.89)

0.66(0.58,0.76)

0.63(0.54,0.74)

0.42(0.34,0.51)

0.77(0.73,0.81)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.85(0.74,0.98)

0.78(0.67,0.91)

0.79(0.66,0.95)

0.58(0.46,0.73)

0.85(0.79,0.91)

0.001

 Stroke events % (n)

34.7 (157)

28.0 (127)

16.8 (76)

12.8 (58)

7.7 (35)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.86(0.68,1.08)

0.62(0.47,0.82)

0.66(0.48,0.92)

0.64(0.43,0.97)

0.79(0.71,0.88)

0.008

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.98(0.75.1.28)

0.78(0.57,1.08)

0.86(0.59,1.26)

0.99(0.96,1.02)

0.90(0.79,1.03)

0.13

 Respiratory disease events %(n)

41.3 (669)

22.0 (357)

16.7 (271)

11.5 (186)

8.5 (138)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.46(0.40,0.52)

0.34(0.29,0.39)

0.25(0.21,0.30)

0.21(0.17,0.26)

0.51(0.48,0.54)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.48(0.41,0.55)

0.37(0.32,0.44)

0.28(0.23,0.33)

0.26(0.18,0.28)

0.52(0.49,0.55)

<0.001

Quintile

<170

170 to <200

200 to < 227

227 to < 257

≥ 257

HR(95%CI) per 70 cL/s increase

P-linear trend

 Deaths: all causes % (n),2758

42.1 (1161)

25.0 (688)

16.6 (459)

9.6 (266)

6.7 (184)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.68(0.63,0.75)

0.62(0.55,0.69)

0.51(0.44,0.59)

0.55(0.46,0.66)

0.65(0.61,0.69)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.71(0.64,0.80)

0.65(0.57,0.74)

0.57(0.48,0.67)

0.62(0.51,0.76)

0.68(0.63,0.74)

<0.001

 Deaths from cardiovascular causes % (n)

47.1(376)

27.7 (221)

16.5 (132)

5.9 (47)

2.8 (22)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.73(0.61,0.86)

0.67(0.55,0.82)

0.39(0.29,0.54)

0.35(0.22,0.55)

0.65(0.57,0.73)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.76(0.63,0.92)

0.73(0.57,0.92)

0.50(0.36,0.71)

0.40(0.24,0.67)

0.67(0.58,0.78)

<0.001

 Deaths from myocardial infarction causes %(n)

48.3 (146)

27.2 (82)

16.9 (51)

5.6 (17)

2.0(6)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.69(0.52,0.89)

0.63(0.45,0.88)

0.33(0.20,0.56)

0.21(0.09,0.49)

0.56(0.46,0.67)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.77(0.57,1.04)

0.67(0.45,0.99)

0.46(0.26,0.81)

0.27(0.10,0.72)

0.60(0.47,0.75)

<0.001

 Deaths from stroke causes %(n)

43.5 (133)

30.4 (93)

16.7 (51)

6.5 (20)

2.9 (9)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.88(0.68,1.15)

0.79(0.57,1.11)

0.54(0.33,0.89)

0.51(0.25,1.04)

0.81(0.67,0.99)

0.08

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.89(0.65,1.21)

0.86(0.59,1.27)

0.66(0.39,1.13)

0.55(0.25,1.21)

0.85(0.67,1.08)

0.18

 Deaths from respiratory disease causes %(n)

61.1 (149)

20.9(51)

11.0 (27)

4.9 (12)

2.1 (5)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.39(0.28,0.54)

0.29(0.19,0.44)

0.19(0.10,0.35)

0.13(0.05,0.33)

0.28(0.23,0.35)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.43(0.30,0.62)

0.39(0.25,0.62)

0.26(0.13,0.51)

0.24(0.09,0.63)

0.35(0.27,0.44)

<0.001

 Cardiovascular disease events %(n)

33.8 (1206)

25.9 (924)

18.6 (664)

12.6 (446)

9.1 (325)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.83(0.76,0.91)

0.68(0.62,0.75)

0.54(0.48,0.61)

0.50(0.43,0.57)

0.72(0.68,0.76)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.85(0.77,0.94)

0.75(0.67,0.84)

0.64(0.56,0.73)

0.58(0.49,0.68)

0.77(0.72,0.83)

<0.001

 Myocardial infarction events %(n)

39.7 (429)

26.9(291)

17.8 (192)

8.8 (95)

6.8 (74)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.79(0.68,0.92)

0.67(0.56,0.80)

0.43(0.34,0.54)

0.47(0.35,0.62)

0.69(0.63,0.76)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.79(0.67,0.94)

0.70(0.57,0.85)

0.48(0.37,0.63)

0.59(0.43,0.81)

0.74(0.66,0.83)

<0.001

 Stroke events %(n)

46.7 (233)

25.9 (129)

15.4 (77)

7.4 (37)

4.6 (23)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.69(0.56,0.86)

0.62(0.47,0.81)

0.46(0.31,0.66)

0.47(0.29,0.76)

0.71(0.61,0.82)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.68(0.53,0.88)

0.67(0.49,0.91)

0.51(0.34,0.77)

0.48(0.28,0.83)

0.74(0.62,0.89)

0.001

 Respiratory disease events %(n)

40.3 (665)

23.1 (382)

16.2 (268)

11.9 (196)

8.5 (141)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^a

1

0.55(0.41,0.63)

0.39(0.38,0.46)

0.30(0.25,0.36)

0.23(0.19,0.28)

0.43(0.40,0.47)

<0.001

 HR (95% CI) ^b

1

0.54(0.47,0.62)

0.40(0.34,0.47)

0.29(0.24,0.36)

0.21(0.16,0.26)

0.42(0.38,0.46)

<0.001