Geo-visual integration of health outcomes and risk factors using excess risk and conditioned choropleth maps: a case study of malaria incidence and sociodemographic determinants in Ghana

Table 2 Global spatial autocorrelation of risk factors and their correlation with malaria incidence

Risk factors	Global spatial autocorrelation			^#Pearson's correlation with outcome rate		Bivariate spatial correlation with outcome rate
Risk factors	Univariate Moran's I	Pseudo p-value	z-value	Pearson's r	p-value	Bivariate Moran's I	Pseudo p-value	z-value
Basic education	0.138***	0.019	3.193	-0.226*	0.003	-0.062***	0.042	-1.493
Illiteracy	0.013	0.056	1.650	-0.103	0.180	-0.0004	0.465	-0.069
Religion
Christian	-0.009	0.275	-0.072	-0.057	0.457	-0.019	0.329	-0.491
Muslim	0.277***	0.002	5.186	-0.137	0.075	-0.039	0.140	-0.971
Traditional	0.657***	0.001	10.855	0.014	0.856	0.019	0.324	0.414
None/Other	0.176***	0.010	3.671	-0.194*	0.011	-0.064***	0.046	-1.505
Urban lev.	0.117***	0.022	2.860	-0.174*	0.023	-0.053	0.070	-1.287
Insanitary lev.	0.018	0.080	0.881	-0.002	0.983	0.008	0.374	0.226
Intermigration	-0.001	0.125	0.828	0.184*	0.016	0.089***	0.038	1.969
Intramigration	0.102***	0.034	2.100	0.144	0.060	0.111***	0.020	2.402
Traditional housing unit	0.030	0.129	0.849	-0.122	0.112	-0.021	0.314	-0.523
Household overcrowding index	0.076***	0.031	2.112	-0.148	0.054	-0.034	0.190	-0.836
Pop. density	0.018	0.080	0.881	-0.002	0.984	0.008	0.374	0.227
Dependency ratio	0.550***	0.001	9.051	-0.020	0.795	0.070	0.050	1.627
Employment to-population ratio	0.185***	0.012	4.777	-0.189*	0.014	-0.061***	0.042	-1.503
Agric household	0.122***	0.021	2.8055	0.178*	0.020	0.115***	0.015	2.536

* significance level at p< 0.05 (2-tailed); ** significance level at p< 0.01 (2-tailed)
***spatial significance level at pseudo p < 0.05 for conditional 999 permutations.
# Spatial correlation is most appropriate but the spatial correlation was much smaller than the non-spatial correlation and the departure from independence is consistent but weak. The assumption of spatial independence may have affected the non-spatial correlation result.

ISSN: 1471-2458