Table 4 Predictors of prevalence of depression among hemodialysis patients at final visit (n = 213)
From: Prevalence and predictors of depression among hemodialysis patients: a prospective follow-up study
Variables | Prevalence of Depression (No. %) | Univariate analysis OR (95% CI) | P-value | Multivariate analysis OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||||
Gender | ||||||
 Female | 13 (13.7) | 82 (86.3) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Male | 19 (16.1) | 99 (83.9) | 0.826 (0.385–1.773) | 0.624 |  |  |
Age (years) | ||||||
  < 40 | 2 (11.8) | 15 (88.2) | Referent |  |  |  |
 41–60 | 20 (15.6) | 108 (84.4) | 0.720 (0.153–3.394) | 0.678 |  |  |
  > 60 | 10 (14.7) | 58 (85.3) | 0.773 (0.153–3.911) | 0.756 |  |  |
BMI | ||||||
 Underweight | 4 (40) | 6 (60) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Normal | 20 (13.9) | 124 (86.1) | 4.133 (1.071–15.951) | 0.039 | 3.339 (0.833–13.376) | 0.089 |
 Overweight | 5 (11.1) | 40 (88.9) | 5.333 (1.110–25.636) | 0.037 | 4.205 (0.834–21.187) | 0.082 |
 Obese | < 5 | 11 (78.6) | 2.444 (0.405–14.748) | 0.330 | 1.907 (0.300–12.123) | 0.494 |
Socioeconomic Status | ||||||
 Low | 6 (15.8) | 32 (84.2) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Middle | 20 (13.4) | 129 (86.6) | 1.209 (0.449–3.258) | 0.707 |  |  |
 High | 6 (23.1) | 20 (76.9) | 0.625 (0.177–2.208) | 0.465 |  |  |
Marital Status | ||||||
 Single | 2 (11.1) | 16 (88.9) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Married | 30 (15.4) | 165 (84.6) | 0.688 (0.150–3.145) | 0.629 |  |  |
Race | ||||||
 Malay | 32 (15.6) | 173 (84.4) | Non-computable |  |  |  |
 Others | – | 8 (100) |  | – |  |  |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Current Smoker | 12 (16.4) | 61 (83.6) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Non-Smoker | 20 (14.3) | 120 (85.7) | 1.180 (0.541–2.573) | 0.677 |  |  |
Alcohol | ||||||
 Current drinker | 2 (11.1) | 16 (88.9) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Non-drinker | 30 (15.4) | 165 (84.6) | 0.688 (0.150–3.145) | 0.629 |  |  |
Drug Addiction | ||||||
 Current Drug Addiction | 5 (14.3) | 30 (85.7) | Referent |  |  |  |
 No Drug Addiction | 27 (15.2) | 151 (84.8) | 0.932 (0.332–2.615) | 0.894 |  |  |
Employment | ||||||
 Unemployed | 17 (14.4) | 101 (85.6) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Employed | 15 (15.8) | 80 (84.2) | 0.898 (0.422–1.908) | 0.779 |  |  |
Dialysis Years | ||||||
 1 year | 10 (16.9) | 49 (83.1) | Referent |  |  |  |
 2–4 years | 13 (17.6) | 61 (82.4) | 0.958 (0.387–2.370) | 0.925 |  |  |
  > 5 years | 9 (11.3) | 71 (88.8) | 1.610 (0.610–4.253) | 0.337 |  |  |
Hemodialysis Centers | ||||||
 Private | 13 (10.4) | 112 (89.6) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 NGO | 8 (25.8) | 23 (74.2) | 0.334 (0.124–0.897) | 0.030 | 0.347 (0.127–0.949) | 0.039 |
 Governmental | 11 (19.3) | 46 (80.7) | 0.485 (0.203–1.162) | 0.105 | 0.487 (0.196–1.205) | 0.120 |
Vascular access | ||||||
 Fistula | 29 (14.6) | 169 (85.4) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Others | 3 (20) | 12 (80) | 0.686 (0.182–2.583) | 0.578 |  |  |
Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||
 No | 9 (11.7) | 68 (88.3) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 23 (16.9) | 113 (83.1) | 0.650 (0.284–1.487) | 0.308 |  |  |
Cardiovascular Diseases | ||||||
 No | 29 (16.2) | 150 (83.8) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 3 (8.8) | 31 (91.2) | 1.998 (0.572–6.973) | 0.278 |  |  |
Gouty Arthritis | ||||||
 No | 30 (16.3) | 154 (83.7) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Yes | 2 (6.9) | 27 (93.1) | 2.630 (0.594–11.653) | 0.203 | 2.637 (0.577–12.056) | 0.211 |
Other Comorbidities | ||||||
 No | 24 (16) | 126 (84) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 8 (19) | 55 (87.3) | 1.310 (0.554–3.096) | 0.539 |  |  |
Type Therapy | ||||||
 Mono-therapy | 16 (13.8) | 100 (86.2) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Multi-therapy | 16 (16.5) | 81 (83.5) | 0.810 (0.382–1.719) | 0.583 |  |  |