Table 2 Predictors of prevalence of depression among hemodialysis patients at baseline visit (n = 220)
From: Prevalence and predictors of depression among hemodialysis patients: a prospective follow-up study
Variables | Prevalence of Depression (No. %) | Univariate analysis OR (95% CI) | P-value | Multivariate analysis OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||||
Gender | ||||||
 Female | 23 (23.4) | 75 (76.6) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Male | 40 (32.8) | 82 (67.2) | 0.690 (0.380–1.254) | 0.224 | 0.742 (0.399–1.383) | 0.348 |
Age (years) | ||||||
  < 40 | 4 (23.5) | 13 (76.5) | Referent |  |  |  |
 41–60 | 40 (30.8) | 90 (69.2) | 0.692 (0.213–2.255) | 0.542 |  |  |
  > 60 | 19 (26) | 54 (74) | 0.874 (0.254–3.012) | 0.832 |  |  |
BMI | ||||||
 Underweight | 4 (33.3) | 8 (66.7) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Normal | 41 (27.7) | 107 (72.3) | 1.305 (0.373–4.568) | 0.677 |  |  |
 Overweight | 11 (23.9) | 35 (76.1) | 1.591 (0.401–6.313) | 0.509 |  |  |
 Obese | 7 (50) | 7 (50) | 0.500 (0.102–2.460) | 0.394 |  |  |
Socioeconomic Status | ||||||
 Low | 13 (33.3) | 26 (66.7) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Middle | 37 (23.9) | 118 (76.1) | 1.595 (0.745–3.414) | 0.230 | 1.826 (0.816–4.086) | 0.143 |
 High | 13 (50) | 13 (50) | 0.500 (0.181–1.382) | 0.182 | 0.570 (0.194–1.677) | 0.307 |
Marital Status | ||||||
 Single | 4 (22.2) | 14 (77.8) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Married | 59 (29.2) | 143 (70.8) | 0.692 (0.219–2.191) | 0.532 |  |  |
Race | ||||||
 Malay | 62 (29.2) | 150 (70.8) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Others | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 2.893 (0.349–24.011) | 0.325 |  |  |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Current Smoker | 21 (28.8) | 52 (71.2) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Non-Smoker | 42 (28.6) | 105 (71.4) | 1.010 (0.543–1.877) | 0.976 |  |  |
Alcohol | ||||||
 Current drinker | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Non-drinker | 57 (28.2) | 145 (71.8) | 1.272 (0.456–3.551) | 0.646 |  |  |
Drug Addiction | ||||||
 Current Drug Addiction | 8 (22.9) | 27 (77.1) | Referent |  |  |  |
 No Drug Addiction | 55 (29.7) | 130 (70.3) | 0.700 (0.299–1.638) | 0.411 |  |  |
Employment | ||||||
 Unemployed | 32 (26.7) | 88 (73.3) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Employed | 31 (31) | 69 (69) | 0.809 (0.451–1.454) | 0.479 |  |  |
Dialysis Years | ||||||
 1 year | 23 (37.1) | 39 (62.9) | Referent |  |  |  |
 2–4 years | 21 (26.9) | 57 (73.1) | 1.601 (0.781–3.283) | 0.299 |  |  |
  > 5 years | 19 (23.8) | 61 (76.3) | 1.893 (0.914–3.923) | 0.686 |  |  |
Hemodialysis Centers | ||||||
 Private | 29 (22.5) | 100 (77.5) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 NGO | 12 (36.4) | 21 (63.6) | 0.508 (0.223–1.153) | 0.105 | 0.413 (0.173–0.985) | 0.046 |
 Governmental | 22 (37.9) | 36 (62.1) | 0.475 (0.242–0.930) | 0.030 | 0.522 (0.248–1.100) | 0.087 |
Vascular access | ||||||
 Fistula | 59 (28.9) | 145 (71.1) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Others | 4 (25) | 12 (75) | 1.221 (0.378–3.938) | 0.739 |  |  |
Diabetes Mellitus | ||||||
 No | 23 (28.4) | 58 (71.6) | Referent | 0.952 |  |  |
 Yes | 40 (28.8) | 99 (71.2) | 0.981 (0.535–1.800) |  |  |  |
Cardiovascular Diseases | ||||||
 No | 55 (29.7) | 130 (70.3) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 8 (22.9) | 27 (77.1) | 1.428 (0.611–3.339) | 0.411 |  |  |
Gouty Arthritis | ||||||
 No | 56 (29.3) | 135 (70.7) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 7 (24.1) | 22 (75.9) | 1.304 (0.527–3.225) | 0.566 |  |  |
Other Comorbidities | ||||||
 No | 44 (28.2) | 112 (71.8) | Referent |  |  |  |
 Yes | 19 (29.7) | 45 (70.3) | 0.930 (0.491–1.764) | 0.825 |  |  |
Type Therapy | ||||||
 Mono-therapy | 30 (24.8) | 91 (75.2) | Referent |  | Referent |  |
 Multi-therapy | 33 (33.3) | 66 (66.7) | 0.659 (0.366–1.186) | 0.164 | 0.553 (0.293–1.043) | 0.067 |