From: The prevalence of malnutrition and growth percentiles for urban South African children
(a) Height | ||||||
Age Group | Males Mean + SD (cm) [N] | Females Mean + SD (cm) [N] | ||||
Black | White | P-value | Black | White | P-value | |
Birth | NA [1245] | NA [152] | NA | NA [1324] | NA [148] | NA |
< 1 | 67.8 (6.9) [417] | 67.1 (7.0) [66] | 0.39 | 66.6 (6.8) [423] | 66.2 (6.9) [48] | 0.708 |
1 | 77.0 (4.7) [376] | 80.7 (4.7) [23] | 0.001 | 75.8 (4.7) [422] | 77.8 (5.2) [24] | 0.085 |
2 | 83.4 (3.6) [296] | 87.8 (4.8) [31] | < 0.0001 | 82.6 (3.8) [300] | 86.9 (3.9) [24] | < 0.0001 |
5 | 100.5 (4.0) [519] | 104.5 (6.2) [18] | 0.382 | 100.4 (4.3) [560] | 102.5 (2.8) [17] | 0.22 |
8 | 125.4 (6.1) [372] | 125.1 (6.7) [15] | 0.881 | 124.6 (5.9) [407] | 126.1 (4.5) [12] | 0.283 |
9 | 132.1 (5.9) [251] | 137.1 (5.9) [42] | < 0.0001 | 132.8 (5.6) [253] | 136.0 (6.6) [39] | 0.005 |
10 | 137.4 (6.2) [182] | 143.3 (7.2) [73] | < 0.0001 | 139.2 (6.3) [159] | 142.9 (7.5) [65] | 0.001 |
11 | 142.8 (6.7) [470] | 148.7 (7.7) [73] | < 0.0001 | 145.8 (7.4) [505] | 148.3 (8.0) [69] | 0.018 |
12 | 147.6 (7.5) [603] | 155.8 (9.0) [72] | < 0.0001 | 151.4 (6.8) [685] | 155.0 (7.9) [78] | < 0.0001 |
13 | 153.8 (8.3) [613] | 164.0 (9.9) [57] | < 0.0001 | 155.5 (6.2) [690] | 160.3 (6.7) [63] | < 0.0001 |
14 | 160.2 (8.4) [701] | 169.8 (9.1) [58] | < 0.0001 | 157.3 (5.9) [754] | 162.9 (6.8) [74] | < 0.0001 |
15 | 165.6 (7.8) [759] | 174.8 (8.4) [58] | < 0.0001 | 158.4 (6.2) [841] | 163.8 (6.9) [61] | < 0.0001 |
16 | 168.6 (7.1) [685] | 176.6 (7.8) [53] | < 0.0001 | 158.8 (5.9) [724] | 164.5 (6.6) [61] | < 0.0001 |
17 | 170.3 (6.7) [502] | 177.7 (8.8) [48] | < 0.0001 | 159.3 (6.2) [561] | 165.3 (6.8) [61] | < 0.0001 |
18 | 171.2 (6.6) [449] | 178.0 (8.0) [37] | < 0.0001 | 159.4 (6.1) [427] | 166.3 (7.1) [36] | < 0.0001 |
19 | 170.0 (6.8) [55] | 177.9 (7.7) [40] | < 0.0001 | 158.9 (6.5) [47] | 164.1 (6.9) [42] | < 0.0001 |
20 | 171.3 (6.9) [103] | 174.3 (6.8) [12] | 0.183 | 158.8 (5.9) [99] | 164.5 (6.7) [7] | 0.066 |
21 | 171.6 (6.6) [695] | 178.4 (7.4) [17] | 0.002 | 159.7 (6.1) [711] | 166.2 (7.2) [23] | < 0.0001 |
(b) Weight | ||||||
Age Group | Males Mean + SD (kg) | Females Mean + SD (kg) | ||||
Black | White | P-value | Black | White | P-value | |
Birth | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.5) | 0.019 | 3.0 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.098 |
< 1 | 8.3 (1.9) | 7.6 (2.0) | 0.083 | 7.8 (1.7) | 7.3 (2.0) | 0.098 |
1 | 10.5 (1.7) | 11.0 (1.7) | 0.158 | 10.1 (1.7) | 10.2 (2.0) | 0.738 |
2 | 11.5 (1.7) | 13.0 (1.6) | < 0.0001 | 11.4 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.4) | 0.037 |
5 | 16.0 (2.0) | 16.5 (2.9) | 0.814 | 15.8 (2.1) | 16.4 (0.7) | 0.188 |
8 | 25.2 (3.9) | 28.1 (9.2) | 0.228 | 24.9 (4.7) | 26.1 (3.7) | 0.312 |
9 | 28.8 (5.0) | 32.7 (7.4) | 0.023 | 29.6 (6.4) | 30.3 (6.3) | 0.541 |
10 | 32.6 (6.6) | 35.6 (6.2) | 0.009 | 34.7 (8.3) | 36.1 (8.1) | 0.248 |
11 | 35.7 (8.0) | 39.8 (7.3) | < 0.0001 | 38.9 (10.0) | 40.5 (9.4) | 0.189 |
12 | 39.5 (8.6) | 45.6 (10.3) | < 0.0001 | 44.8 (10.9) | 46.4 (11.0) | 0.244 |
13 | 44.1 (9.9) | 53.2 (12.1) | < 0.0001 | 50.1 (11.9) | 51.8 (10.9) | 0.228 |
14 | 49.2 (10.6) | 59.4 (12.8) | < 0.0001 | 53.2 (11.5) | 55.5 (10.9) | 0.094 |
15 | 53.8 (10.4) | 64.9 (12.6) | < 0.0001 | 55.7 (11.7) | 57.0 (10.1) | 0.343 |
16 | 56.9 (9.9) | 66.7 (10.8) | < 0.0001 | 57.6 (12.1) | 59.2 (10.6) | 0.276 |
17 | 59.0 (9.8) | 71.3 (12.2) | < 0.0001 | 59.0 (11.5) | 60.1 (12.3) | 0.494 |
18 | 59.8 (9.7) | 71.1 (12.9) | < 0.0001 | 59.1 (11.9) | 63.1 (12.9) | 0.079 |
19 | 63.1 (14.5) | 73.9 (16.5) | 0.013 | 61.4 (13.8) | 61.9 (15.2) | 0.881 |
20 | 62.5 (11.0) | 68.6 (8.1) | 0.033 | 60.4 (12.8) | 69.8 (9.4) | 0.039 |
21 | 63.6 (11.6) | 75.1 (10.7) | 0.004 | 65.1 (16.1) | 59.9 (10.2) | 0.027 |
(c) BMI | ||||||
Age Group | Males Mean + SD (kg/m^2) | Females Mean + SD (kg/m^2) | ||||
Black | White | P-value | Black | White | P-value | |
Birth | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
< 1 | 17.9 (2.3) | 16.7 (1.6) | < 0.0001 | 17.5 (2.0) | 16.2 (1.9) | 0.001 |
1 | 17.7 (1.8) | 16.9 (1.7) | 0.044 | 17.5 (1.9) | 16.7 (1.6) | 0.041 |
2 | 16.5 (2.2) | 16.9 (1.6) | 0.197 | 16.7 (2.0) | 15.9 (1.8) | 0.067 |
5 | 15.8 (1.3) | 15.0 (0.9) | 0.259 | 15.6 (1.3) | 15.6 (0.6) | 0.990 |
8 | 15.9 (1.5) | 17.7 (4.5) | 0.146 | 16.0 (2.1) | 16.4 (2.0) | 0.509 |
9 | 16.4 (2.0) | 17.3 (3.1) | 0.105 | 16.7 (2.8) | 16.2 (2.1) | 0.224 |
10 | 17.2 (2.6) | 17.3 (2.1) | 0.875 | 17.8 (3.4) | 17.5 (2.6) | 0.522 |
11 | 17.4 (3.1) | 18.0 (2.5) | 0.099 | 18.2 (3.8) | 18.3 (2.9) | 0.866 |
12 | 18.0 (2.9) | 18.7 (3.3) | 0.111 | 19.4 (4.0) | 19.1 (3.2) | 0.366 |
13 | 18.5 (3.2) | 19.6 (3.2) | 0.018 | 20.6 (4.4) | 20.0 (3.4) | 0.186 |
14 | 19.1 (3.3) | 20.5 (3.5) | 0.039 | 21.4 (4.3) | 20.8 (3.6) | 0.179 |
15 | 19.6 (3.1) | 21.2 (3.4) | 0.009 | 22.2 (4.4) | 21.2 (3.4) | 0.042 |
16 | 20.0 (3.0) | 21.3 (2.7) | 0.013 | 22.8 (4.5) | 21.8 (3.3) | 0.027 |
17 | 20.3 (3.0) | 22.5 (3.1) | < 0.0001 | 23.2 (4.4) | 21.9 (4.0) | 0.019 |
18 | 20.4 (2.8) | 22.4 (3.6) | 0.017 | 23.2 (4.4) | 22.8 (3.9) | 0.490 |
19 | 21.8 (5.1) | 23.3 (5.0) | 0.168 | 24.3 (5.0) | 22.9 (4.8) | 0.178 |
20 | 21.3 (3.3) | 22.6 (2.8) | 0.146 | 23.9 (4.7) | 25.8 (2.7) | 0.142 |
21 | 21.6 (3.7) | 23.5 (2.4) | 0.055 | 25.5 (6.1) | 21.7 (3.9) | 0.001 |
(d) Waist circumference | ||||||
Age group | Males Mean + SD (cm) | Females Mean + SD (cm) | ||||
Black | White | P-value | Black | White | P-value | |
9 | 57.1 (4.9) | 59.9 (8.1) | 0.046 | 57.2 (6.5) | 57.7 (5.9) | 0.648 |
10 | 58.7 (5.8) | 60.8 (5.6) | 0.008 | 58.4 (6.9) | 59.5 (7.0) | 0.277 |
11 | 60.6 (6.8) | 63.4 (6.6) | 0.001 | 61.4 (7.5) | 63.0 (8.7) | 0.167 |
12 | 62.6 (6.9) | 66.1 (7.2) | < 0.0001 | 63.8 (7.8) | 65.3 (8.4) | 0.154 |
13 | 64.7 (7.5) | 69.3 (7.8) | < 0.0001 | 67.3 (9.0) | 67.7 (7.8) | 0.709 |
14 | 67.0 (7.6) | 72.1 (8.8) | < 0.0001 | 69.3 (9.1) | 69.1 (8.5) | 0.814 |
15 | 69.1 (7.8) | 73.7 (9.6) | < 0.0001 | 71.0 (9.6) | 69.6 (8.7) | 0.233 |
16 | 69.4 (6.5) | 75.6 (7.1) | < 0.0001 | 71.9 (9.8) | 73.7 (9.4) | 0.146 |
17 | 71.3 (7.2) | 77.7 (7.4) | < 0.0001 | 74.3 (9.8) | 74.8 (10.4) | 0.701 |
18 | 72.6 (7.0) | 77.1 (5.4) | 0.002 | 76.0 (11.3) | 78.2 (11.7) | 0.396 |
19 | 73.3 (11.3) | 81.7 (14.6) | 0.021 | 72.7 (10.2) | 67.9 (6.4) | 0.022 |
20 | 71.7 (7.6) | 76.7 (6.0) | 0.020 | 69.3 (8.2) | 76.4 (8.8) | 0.080 |
21 | 75.7 (9.1) | 82.9 (6.8) | < 0.0001 | 81.1 (13.2) | 72.4 (9.3) | < 0.0001 |
(e) Hip circumference | ||||||
Age group | Males Mean + SD (cm) | Females Mean + SD (cm) | ||||
Black | White | P-value | Black | White | P-value | |
9 | 63.4 (6.2) | 66.3 (8.2) | 0.044 | 65.8 (9.3) | 66.3 (7.4) | 0.746 |
10 | 71.0 (6.8) | 73.7 (6.6) | 0.004 | 75.1 (8.9) | 75.6 (7.5) | 0.670 |
11 | 76.4 (8.0) | 78.0 (6.7) | 0.088 | 80.3 (9.6) | 79.0 (7.8) | 0.201 |
12 | 78.6 (8.1) | 81.5 (7.9) | 0.004 | 85.2 (10.2) | 84.6 (9.4) | 0.635 |
13 | 81.5 (8.9) | 86.2 (8.6) | < 0.0001 | 90.9 (10.4) | 90.4 (8.9) | 0.673 |
14 | 84.4 (8.4) | 89.8 (8.6) | < 0.0001 | 94.3 (10.0) | 92.6 (8.1) | 0.079 |
15 | 87.5 (8.4) | 92.5 (9.7) | < 0.0001 | 95.7 (10.0) | 94.4 (7.2) | 0.193 |
16 | 89.3 (7.4) | 92.8 (7.2) | 0.001 | 96.8 (9.6) | 95.5 (8.5) | 0.221 |
17 | 90.8 (7.8) | 94.0 (7.0) | 0.002 | 99.5 (9.5) | 95.2 (8.3) | < 0.0001 |
18 | 90.8 (6.9) | 92.5 (5.6) | 0.196 | 99.4 (10.2) | 97.6 (8.2) | 0.339 |
19 | 90.7 (10.5) | 97.1 (11.0) | 0.027 | 100.0 (11.9) | 93.8 (8.4) | 0.020 |
20 | 90.8 (7.6) | 95.0 (6.9) | 0.075 | 98.6 (10.9) | 101.1 (6.4) | 0.378 |
21 | 93.3 (8.5) | 99.1 (6.0) | 0.001 | 104.6 (12.9) | 96.1 (8.8) | < 0.0001 |
(f) Waist-to-height ratio | ||||||
Age group | MalesMean + SD | Females Mean + SD | ||||
Black | White | P-value | Black | White | P-value | |
9 | 43.0 (3.3) | 43.6 (5.3) | 0.514 | 42.8 (4.0) | 42.3 (3.3) | 0.458 |
10 | 42.7 (3.8) | 42.4 (3.2) | 0.510 | 42.0 (4.3) | 41.6 (4.0) | 0.596 |
11 | 42.4 (4.2) | 42.8 (4.4) | 0.508 | 42.1 (4.6) | 42.4 (4.8) | 0.601 |
12 | 42.4 (4.0) | 42.4 (4.2) | 0.912 | 42.1 (4.9) | 42.1 (4.8) | 0.888 |
13 | 42.1 (4.6) | 42.3 (4.2) | 0.777 | 43.3 (5.7) | 42.2 (4.3) | 0.057 |
14 | 41.8 (4.7) | 42.5 (5.0) | 0.327 | 44.0 (5.7) | 42.6 (5.1) | 0.021 |
15 | 41.7 (4.7) | 41.8 (4.2) | 0.843 | 44.8 (6.0) | 42.6 (5.3) | 0.003 |
16 | 41.2 (3.8) | 42.8 (3.6) | 0.002 | 45.3 (6.3) | 44.7 (5.3) | 0.418 |
17 | 41.8 (4.2) | 43.8 (3.8) | 0.001 | 46.7 (6.3) | 45.4 (6.2) | 0.097 |
18 | 42.4 (3.9) | 43.6 (3.0) | 0.082 | 47.6 (6.9) | 47.5 (6.3) | 0.935 |
19 | 43.2 (7.0) | 46.2 (8.4) | 0.150 | 45.8 (6.4) | 41.3 (3.6) | 0.001 |
20 | 41.9 (4.4) | 44.1 (4.1) | 0.110 | 43.7 (5.2) | 46.4 (4.6) | 0.181 |
21 | 44.2 (5.3) | 46.5 (3.2) | 0.009 | 50.8 (8.3) | 43.6 (5.6) | < 0.0001 |