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Table 2 Adjusted associations with lifetime IPV perpetration and IPV perpetration in the last year, using pooled 12/24-month data

From: Intimate partner violence, depression, and sexual behaviour among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in the PROUD trial

N = 743 observations (using pooled 12/24 data in GEE models; N = 436 men)

Lifetime IPV perpetration

IPV perpetration in the last year

% (n/N)

Adjusteda PR [95% CI] Overall p valuec

% (n/N)

Adjusteda PR [95% CI] Overall p valuec

Study time-point

Month-12

19.5% (80/410)

1

7.8% (32/410)

1

Month-24

18.0% (60/333)

0.98 [0.76, 1.25]

6.9% (23/333)

0.99 [0.58, 1.68]

0.86

 

0.98

Randomized to study trial arm

Immediate

19.9% (79/398)

1

7.8% (31/398)

1

Deferred

17.7% (61/345)

0.89 [0.60, 1.32]

7.0% (24/345)

0.81 [0.46, 1.41]

0.56

 

0.45

London study clinic site

Yes

18.4% (95/517)

1

7.9% (41/517)

1

No

19.9% (45/226)

1.01 [0.65, 1.57]

6.2% (14/226)

0.71 [0.37, 1.35]

0.99

 

0.30

Age

< 25

34.2% (13/38)

2.12 [1.04, 4.30]

18.4% (7/38)

5.53 [1.80, 17.0]

25–29

31.9% (29/91)

1.79 [1.00, 3.20]

19.8% (18/91)

5.89 [2.30, 15.10]

30–34

15.0% (24/160)

0.92 [0.50, 1.70]

5.6% (9/160)

1.73 [0.60, 4.97]

35–39

18.8% (27/144)

1.25 [0.69, 2.24]

7.6% (11/144)

2.26 [0.81, 6.28]

40–44

16.0% (20/125)

0.98 [0.53, 1.82]

3.2% (4/125)

0.98 [0.27, 3.57]

45+

14.6% (27/185)

1

3.2% (6/185)

1

0.09

 

< 0.001

0.034 b

 

< 0.001 b

Born in the UK and white ethnicity (BAME = Black, Asian, and minority ethnic)

Yes, white

19.2% (78/407)

1

7.1% (29/407)

1

Yes, BAME

25.6% (10/39)

1.06 [0.48, 2.35]

12.8% (5/39)

1.10 [0.40, 3.05]

No, white

17.8% (36/202)

1.05 [0.65, 1.70]

6.4% (13/202)

0.97 [0.48, 1.95]

No, BAME

17.2% (16/93)

0.92 [0.47, 1.78]

8.6% (8/93)

1.13 [0.49, 2.61]

0.98

 

0.99

Self-reported sexual identity

Gay

18.9% (133/703)

1

7.4% (52/703)

1

Bisexual/straightd

17.7% (6/34)

0.79 [0.30, 2.08]

8.8% (3/34)

0.91 [0.27, 3.04]

  

0.63

 

0.88

University Education

Yes

23.0% (65/283)

1

9.2% (26/283)

1

No/missing

16.3% (75/460)

1.31 [0.87, 1.96]

6.3% (29/460)

1.28 [0.73, 2.25]

0.19

 

0.39

Employed

Yes

19.4% (118/608)

1

7.7% (47/608)

1

No/missing

16.3% (22/135)

0.68 [0.39, 1.20]

5.9% (8/135)

0.60 [2.67, 1.34]

0.18

 

0.21

Had sex after using recreational drugs (past three months)

No/missing

12.5% (45/360)

1

4.2% (15/360)

1

Yes

24.8% (95/383)

1.75 [1.23, 2.50]

10.4% (40/383)

2.16 [1.17, 3.96]

0.002

 

0.013

Group sex (past three months)

No/missing

15.7% (56/356)

1

6.5% (23/356)

1

Yes

21.7% (84/387)

1.38 [1.00, 1.91]

8.3% (32/387)

1.42 [0.82, 2.46]

0.050

 

0.21

Age < 13 years at anal sex debut

No

19.6% (132/675)

1

7.6% (51/675)

1

Yes

17.0% (7/41)

1.01 [0.48, 2.13]

7.3% (3/41)

1.06 [0.33, 3.44]

0.98

 

0.92

Age ≤ 15 years at anal sex debut

No

18.1% (101/558)

1

7.2% (40/558)

1

Yes

24.1% (38/158)

1.32 [0.88, 1.99]

8.9% (14/158)

0.93 [0.48, 1.77]

0.18

 

0.82

Negative views about gay sexuality

No/missing

16.8% (73/434)

1

5.1% (22/434)

1

Yes

21.7% (67/309)

1.33 [0.97, 1.83]

10.7% (33/309)

2.10 [1.21, 3.65]

0.075

 

0.008

‘Out’ to all/almost all friends, work mates, and close family

Yes

22.6% (84/372)

1

8.1% (30/372)

1

No

15.8% (56/355)

0.79 [0.56, 1.12]

7.0% (25/355)

0.93 [0.53, 1.62]

0.19

 

0.79

Any IPV victimization

No/missing

3.5% (15/425)

1

1.2% (5/425)

1

Yes

39.3% (125/318)

8.47 [5.09, 14.09]

15.7% (50/318)

13.54 [5.33, 34.38]

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

  1. aAge (included as four categories: < 25, 25–29, 30–39, 40+), born in the UK, sexual identity (gay or bisexual/straight), university education, and London clinic site
  2. bTest for trend
  3. cp value by Wald test using GEEs. p values< 0.1 are indicated in bold
  4. dFive men identified as straight (1.2%)