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Table 1 Distribution of healthy women and cervical cancer patient participants by socio-demographic characteristics

From: Sociodemographic inequities in cervical cancer screening, treatment and care amongst women aged at least 25 years: evidence from surveys in Harare, Zimbabwe

Participant type

Healthy women, N = 143

Cervical cancer patients N = 134

Socio-demographic variables

[N = 143]

(%)

Ever screened [n = 42]

(%)

p-value

[N = 134]

(%)

Treated [n = 92]

(%)

p-value

Province of residence

 Manicaland

–

–

–

17 (12)

14 (15)

0.193

 Masvingo

–

–

–

9 (7)

8 (9)

0.176

 Midlands

–

–

–

7 (5)

5 (6)

0.871

 Matebeleland North

–

–

–

1 (1)

1 (1)

0.498

 Mashonaland Central

–

–

–

5 (4)

4 (4)

0.671

 Mashonaland East

–

–

–

24 (18)

16 (17)

0.871

 Mashonaland West

–

–

–

5 (4)

3 (3)

0.671

 Harare

143 (100)

42 (100)

0.120

66 (49)

41 (45)

0.217

Residence

 Urban

93 (65)

36 (86)

0.001

74 (55)

47 (51)

0.154

 Urban_Low density

31 (21.7)

20 (48)

< 0.001

3 (2)

3 (3)

0.237

 Urban_High density

31 (21.7)

4 (9)

0.023

67 (50)

40 (44)

0.025

 Urban_Medium density

31 (21.7)

12 (29)

0.197

4 (3)

4 (4)

0.170

 Rural

50 (35)

6 (14)

0.001

60 (45)

45 (49)

0.154

Age (years)

Mean (35)

Mean (37)

 

Mean (52)

Mean (53)

 

 25–34

78 (55)

21 (50)

0.481

6 (4)

4 (4)

0.914

 35–44

40 (28)

8 (19)

0.981

31 (23)

19 (21)

0.313

 45–54

22 (15)

12 (29)

0.434

41 (31)

26 (28)

0.642

 55 or more

3 (2)

1 (2)

0.879

56 (42)

43 (47)

0.180

Ethnicity

 Shona

133 (93)

39 (92.8)

0.964

130 (97)

88 (96)

0.170

 Ndebele

6 (4)

1 (2.4)

0.485

2 (1)

2 (2)

0.336

 Other

4 (3)

2 (4.8)

0.358

2 (2)

2 (2)

–

Marital status

 Married/co-habiting

98 (69)

31 (74)

0.381

52 (39)

30 (33)

0.029

 Never married

17 (12)

3 (7)

0.258

1 (1)

1 (1)

0.498

 Widowed

13 (9)

2 (5)

0.246

59 (44)

44 (48)

0.190

 Divorced or separated

15 (10)

6 (14)

0.339

22 (16)

17 (18)

0.341

Religion

 Roman Catholic

24 (17)

7 (17)

0.981

34 (25)

24 (26)

0.779

 Protestant

22 (16)

11 (26)

0.021

24 (18)

21 (23)

0.028

 Pentecostal

56 (39)

11 (26)

0.040

34 (25)

21 (23)

0.316

 Apostolic sect

27 (19)

5 (12)

0.169

34 (25)

24 (26)

0.779

 Other

14 (9)

8 (19)

0.016

8 (7)

2 (2)

0.006

Education

 Primary

19 (13)

2 (5)

0.053

43 (32)

30 (33)

0.849

 Secondary

100 (70)

30 (71)

0.801

75 (56)

50 (54)

0.576

 Higher

24 (17)

10 (24)

0.147

6 (5)

5 (5)

0.428

 None

0

0

–

10 (7)

7 (8)

0.924

Household head education

 Primary

5 (3)

1 (2)

0.640

16 (12)

12 (13)

0.560

 Secondary

74 (52)

16 (38)

0.035

50 (37)

30 (33)

0.096

 Higher

54 (38)

23 (55)

0.007

14 (10)

12 (13)

0.146

 Not Applicable

10 (7)

2 (5)

0.500

5 (4)

37 (40)

0.194

 None

–

–

–

49 (37)

1 (1)

0.017

Occupation

 Unemployed

59 (41)

14 (33)

0.214

90 (67)

60 (65)

0.478

 Student

7 (5)

4 (10)

0.098

3 (2)

2 (2)

0.336

 Professional

14 (10)

7 (17)

0.074

3 (2)

3 (3)

0.620

 Police/Military/Security

5 (4)

3 (7)

0.126

12 (9)

9 (10)

0.137

 Trucker/transport business

1 (1)

1 (2)

0.120

1 (1)

2 (2)

–

 General worker

6 (4)

2 (5)

0.828

1 (1)

4 (5)

0.318

 Self employed

26 (18)

7 (17)

0.762

5 (4)

10 (11)

0.572

 Vendor

25 (17)

4 (9)

0.106

16 (12)

2 (2)

0.940

Occupation of household head

 Unemployed

9 (6)

2 (5)

0.627

25 (19)

15 (16)

0.301

 Farm worker

1 (1)

0

0.518

2 (1)

2 (2)

0.336

 Professional

52 (37)

23 (55)

0.003

23 (17)

20 (22)

0.038

 Police/Military/Security

11 (8)

3 (7)

0.874

5 (4)

5 (5)

0.124

 Trucker/transport business

15 (10)

5 (12)

0.722

1 (1)

0

0.137

 General worker

5 (4)

1 (2)

0.640

0

0

0.246

 Self employed

31 (22)

5 (12)

0.067

30 (22)

18 (20)

0.498

 Vendor

7 (5)

0

0.080

1 (1)

1 (1)

0.621

 Other

1 (1)

0

0.518

47 (35)

0

–

 Not applicable

8 (6)

3 (7)

0.874

0

31 (34)

–

Personal income (US$)

 No income

52 (36)

20 (48)

0.071

77 (57)

52 (57)

0.744

  < 200

51 (35)

7 (17)

0.002

32 (24)

23 (25)

0.653

 200–400

24 (17)

6 (14)

0.606

19 (14)

13 (14)

0.981

 430 or more

16 (12)

9 (21)

0.012

6 (4)

4 (4)

0.914

Household income (US$)

 No income

52 (36)

21 (50)

0.029

71 (53)

50 (55)

0.640

  < 600

55 (39)

8 (19)

0.002

53 (40)

35 (38)

0.597

 600–1000

16 (11)

4 (9)

0.684

6 (4)

4 (4)

0.914

 1200 or more

20 (14)

9 (23)

0.098

4 (3)

3 (3)

0.718

Medical insurance/aid

 Yes

50 (35)

25 (60)

< 0.001

27 (20)

22 (24)

0.108

 No

93 (65)

17 (40)

–

107 (80)

70 (76)

–

Wealth quintiles

 Poorest

50 (35)

28 (67)

< 0.001

7 (5)

6 (7)

0.318

 Poorer

22 (15)

6 (14)

0.814

32 (24)

23 (25)

0.653

 Middle

19 (13)

2 (5)

0.053

36 (27)

23 (25)

0.471

 Richer

30 (21)

3 (7)

0.009

26 (19)

15 (16)

0.179

 Richest

22 (16)

3 (7)

0.078

33 (25)

25 (27)

0.311

Sources of cervical cancer information

 Radio

94 (70)

30 (73)

0.753

31 (25)

23 (27)

0.868

 TV

20 (15)

8 (20)

0.747

27 (21)

19 (22)

0.935

 Health workers

8 (6)

0

–

57 (45)

36 (42)

0.776

 Other

13 (9)

3 (7)

0.911

11 (9)

8 (9)

–

Knowledge that cervical cancer is treatable

 Yes

106 (74)

38 (90)

0.040

113 (84)

81 (88)

0.433

 No

19 (13)

3 (7)

0.768

7 (5)

2 (2)

0.854

 Don’t

18 (13)

1 (3)

0.768

14 (11)

9 (10)

0.934

Number of visits to health facilities or doctors in previous 6 months

 None

46 (32)

4 (10)

0.358

_

_

–

 Once

30 (21)

6 (14)

0.695

 Twice

34 (24)

13 (31)

0.624

 Thrice or more

33 (23)

19 (45)

0.099

Have regular general practitioner (doctor)

 Yes

44 (31)

20 (48)

0.1900.128

_

_

–

 No

99 (69)

22 (52)

  1. Bold shows p value < =0.05 indicating statistical significance
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