Iron status and risk factors of iron deficiency among pregnant women in Singapore: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Factors associated with iron status during pregnancy assessed by ordinal logistic regression analyses (n = 985)

Characteristics	Univariable			Multivariable
Characteristics	Ordinal OR^a	95% CI	P	Ordinal OR^a	95% CI	P
Age
< 25 years	2.00	0.99, 4.01	0.050	2.36	1.15, 4.84	0.019
25–34 years	1.31	0.93, 1.86	0.126	1.26	0.88, 1.80	0.209
≥ 35 years	Reference			Reference
Body mass index
< 23 kg/m²	Reference			Reference
≥ 23 kg/m²	1.04	0.75, 1.44	0.818	0.90	0.65, 1.26	0.551
Ethnicity
Chinese	Reference			Reference
Malay	1.83	1.17, 2.85	0.008	2.05	1.30, 3.24	0.002
Indian	2.17	1.22, 3.85	0.008	1.98	1.14, 3.44	0.015
Education
None/ Primary/ Secondary	Reference			Reference
University	1.36	0.93, 1.97	0.110	1.64	1.13, 2.38	0.010
Parity
Nulliparous	Reference			Reference
Multiparous	1.48	1.07, 2.05	0.016	1.73	1.23, 2.44	0.002
Smoking status
No	Reference			Reference
Yes	0.73	0.32, 1.65	0.449	0.62	0.27, 1.40	0.250
Iron-containing supplementation
Yes	Reference			Reference
No	3.46	1.23, 9.74	0.019	3.37	1.25, 8.53	0.016
History of anemia
No	Reference			Reference
Yes	1.05	0.50, 2.22	0.900	0.95	0.44, 2.04	0.893

OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval. Iron status was defined according to three ordinal categories of plasma ferritin concentrations: ≥30 μg/L (iron sufficiency), 15 to < 30 μg/L (modest iron depletion) and < 15 μg/L (severe iron depletion)
^aProportional odds ratios with iron sufficiency as the base level, for severe iron depletion versus modest iron depletion/ iron sufficiency, and severe/ modest iron depletion versus iron sufficiency

ISSN: 1471-2458