| |
Emotional symptoms
|
Conduct problems
|
Hyperactivity problems
|
|---|
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
95% CI
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
95% CI
|
Coeff. (SE)
|
95% CI
|
|---|
|
Fixed effects
|
|
Constant
|
0.90**(0.26)
|
[0.39, 1.41]
|
3.70***(0.356)
|
[3.00, 4.39]
|
3.96***(0.41)
|
[3.15, 4.77]
|
|
SO2 (deciles)
|
0.004(0.01)
|
[−0.01, 0.02]
|
0.01(0.01)
|
[− 0.01, 0.03]
|
0.02(0.01)
|
[− 0.001, 0.05]
|
|
NO2 (deciles)
|
0.01(0.01)
|
[− 0.01, 0.02]
|
0.03*(0.01)
|
[0.004, 0.06]
|
0.02(0.02)
|
[−0.01, 0.50]
|
|
Damp or condensation
|
0.09*(0.04)
|
[0.002, 0.17]
|
0.16**(0.06)
|
[0.04, 0.27]
|
0.03(0.07)
|
[−0.10, 0.17]
|
|
Secondhand smoke
|
0.16**(0.05)
|
[0.07, 0.25]
|
0.59***(0.06)
|
[0.47, 0.71]
|
0.37***(0.07)
|
[0.23, 0.52]
|
|
Green space
|
0.01(0.01)
|
[−0.01, 0.02]
|
0.04**(0.01)
|
[0.02, 0.07]
|
0.02(0.02)
|
[−0.01, 0.05]
|
|
Urban
|
0.07(0.05)
|
[−0.04, 0.18]
|
0.08(0.08)
|
[−0.07, 0.23]
|
0.003(0.09)
|
[−0.17, 0.18]
|
|
Age
|
0.08(0.07)
|
[−0.06, 0.22]
|
−0.36***(0.10)
|
[− 0.55, − 0.16]
|
0.19(0.12)
|
[−0.04, 0.41]
|
|
Female
|
0.003(0.03)
|
[−0.06, 0.06]
|
−0.22***(0.04)
|
[− 0.30, − 0.15]
|
−0.60***(0.05)
|
[− 0.70, − 0.51]
|
|
Ethnicity (Ref: White)
|
|
Mixed
|
−0.04(0.08)
|
[− 0.20, 0.13]
|
0.03(0.11)
|
[− 0.19, 0.26]
|
−0.01(0.13)
|
[− 0.27, 0.25]
|
|
Indian
|
0.26*(0.11)
|
[0.04, 0.48]
|
−0.02(0.16)
|
[−0.32, 0.29]
|
0.16(0.18)
|
[−0.20, 0.51]
|
|
Pakistani/Bangladeshi
|
0.81***(0.09)
|
[0.63, 0.99]
|
−0.03(0.13)
|
[−0.28, 0.21]
|
0.32*(0.15)
|
[0.03, 0.61]
|
|
Black
|
−0.11(0.10)
|
[−0.31, 0.08]
|
− 0.32*(0.13)
|
[− 0.58, − 0.06]
|
−0.28(0.16)
|
[− 0.58, 0.03]
|
|
Other
|
0.23(0.18)
|
[−0.12, 0.58]
|
−0.32(0.24)
|
[− 0.79, 0.15]
|
−0.32(0.29)
|
[− 0.88, 0.24]
|
|
Low birth weight
|
0.18**(0.06)
|
[0.06, 0.30]
|
0.04(0.09)
|
[−0.13, 0.21]
|
0.53***(0.10)
|
[0.33, 0.72]
|
|
Mother is university-educated
|
−0.16***(0.03)
|
[−0.23, − 0.09]
|
−0.31***(0.05)
|
[− 0.40, − 0.22]
|
−0.48***(0.06)
|
[− 0.59, − 0.37]
|
|
Household income
|
−0.00***(0.00)
|
[− 0.00, − 0.00]
|
−0.001***(0.00)
|
[− 0.001, − 0.001]
|
−0.001***(0.00)
|
[− 0.001, − 0.001]
|
|
Maternal psychological distress
|
0.08***(0.00)
|
[0.07, 0.09]
|
0.13***(0.01)
|
[0.12, 0.14]
|
0.11***(0.01)
|
[0.10, 0.12]
|
|
Mother has good general health
|
−0.17***(0.04)
|
[−0.25, − 0.10]
|
−0.25***(0.06)
|
[− 0.36, − 0.15]
|
−0.22**(0.06)
|
[− 0.34, − 0.09]
|
|
Random effects
|
|
Ward-level intercept variance (Level 2)
|
0.00(0.00)
|
[0.00, 0.00]
|
0.01(0.01)
|
[0.00, 0.09]
|
0.003(0.01)
|
[0.00, 3.55]
|
|
Child-level intercept variance (Level 1)
|
1.93***(0.03)
|
[1.87, 1.99]
|
3.58***(0.05)
|
[3.48, 3.69]
|
4.87***(0.07)
|
[4.73,5.02]
|
- Notes. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Coefficients are unstandardised. All models are adjusted for the area strata
