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Table 3 Effects of indoor and outdoor air quality at age 9 months on emotional, conduct and hyperactivity problems at age 3 years

From: The quality of air outside and inside the home: associations with emotional and behavioural problem scores in early childhood

 

Emotional symptoms

Conduct problems

Hyperactivity problems

Coeff. (SE)

95% CI

Coeff. (SE)

95% CI

Coeff. (SE)

95% CI

Fixed effects

 Constant

0.90**(0.26)

[0.39, 1.41]

3.70***(0.356)

[3.00, 4.39]

3.96***(0.41)

[3.15, 4.77]

 SO2 (deciles)

0.004(0.01)

[−0.01, 0.02]

0.01(0.01)

[− 0.01, 0.03]

0.02(0.01)

[− 0.001, 0.05]

 NO2 (deciles)

0.01(0.01)

[− 0.01, 0.02]

0.03*(0.01)

[0.004, 0.06]

0.02(0.02)

[−0.01, 0.50]

 Damp or condensation

0.09*(0.04)

[0.002, 0.17]

0.16**(0.06)

[0.04, 0.27]

0.03(0.07)

[−0.10, 0.17]

 Secondhand smoke

0.16**(0.05)

[0.07, 0.25]

0.59***(0.06)

[0.47, 0.71]

0.37***(0.07)

[0.23, 0.52]

 Green space

0.01(0.01)

[−0.01, 0.02]

0.04**(0.01)

[0.02, 0.07]

0.02(0.02)

[−0.01, 0.05]

 Urban

0.07(0.05)

[−0.04, 0.18]

0.08(0.08)

[−0.07, 0.23]

0.003(0.09)

[−0.17, 0.18]

 Age

0.08(0.07)

[−0.06, 0.22]

−0.36***(0.10)

[− 0.55, − 0.16]

0.19(0.12)

[−0.04, 0.41]

 Female

0.003(0.03)

[−0.06, 0.06]

−0.22***(0.04)

[− 0.30, − 0.15]

−0.60***(0.05)

[− 0.70, − 0.51]

 Ethnicity (Ref: White)

 Mixed

−0.04(0.08)

[− 0.20, 0.13]

0.03(0.11)

[− 0.19, 0.26]

−0.01(0.13)

[− 0.27, 0.25]

 Indian

0.26*(0.11)

[0.04, 0.48]

−0.02(0.16)

[−0.32, 0.29]

0.16(0.18)

[−0.20, 0.51]

 Pakistani/Bangladeshi

0.81***(0.09)

[0.63, 0.99]

−0.03(0.13)

[−0.28, 0.21]

0.32*(0.15)

[0.03, 0.61]

 Black

−0.11(0.10)

[−0.31, 0.08]

− 0.32*(0.13)

[− 0.58, − 0.06]

−0.28(0.16)

[− 0.58, 0.03]

 Other

0.23(0.18)

[−0.12, 0.58]

−0.32(0.24)

[− 0.79, 0.15]

−0.32(0.29)

[− 0.88, 0.24]

 Low birth weight

0.18**(0.06)

[0.06, 0.30]

0.04(0.09)

[−0.13, 0.21]

0.53***(0.10)

[0.33, 0.72]

 Mother is university-educated

−0.16***(0.03)

[−0.23, − 0.09]

−0.31***(0.05)

[− 0.40, − 0.22]

−0.48***(0.06)

[− 0.59, − 0.37]

 Household income

−0.00***(0.00)

[− 0.00, − 0.00]

−0.001***(0.00)

[− 0.001, − 0.001]

−0.001***(0.00)

[− 0.001, − 0.001]

 Maternal psychological distress

0.08***(0.00)

[0.07, 0.09]

0.13***(0.01)

[0.12, 0.14]

0.11***(0.01)

[0.10, 0.12]

 Mother has good general health

−0.17***(0.04)

[−0.25, − 0.10]

−0.25***(0.06)

[− 0.36, − 0.15]

−0.22**(0.06)

[− 0.34, − 0.09]

Random effects

 Ward-level intercept variance (Level 2)

0.00(0.00)

[0.00, 0.00]

0.01(0.01)

[0.00, 0.09]

0.003(0.01)

[0.00, 3.55]

 Child-level intercept variance (Level 1)

1.93***(0.03)

[1.87, 1.99]

3.58***(0.05)

[3.48, 3.69]

4.87***(0.07)

[4.73,5.02]

  1. Notes. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001. Coefficients are unstandardised. All models are adjusted for the area strata