Income and education predict elevated depressive symptoms in the general population: results from the Gutenberg health study

Table 2 Prediction of depressive symptoms at the 2.5 year follow-up (T1) by SES¹

	Complete sample (T0)		persons without elevated depressive symptoms at T0		persons with elevated depressive symptoms at T0
	PHQ-2 ≥ 2 at T1 (2898/12484)		PHQ-2 ≥ 2 at T1 (1455/9605)		PHQ-2 ≥ 2 at T1 (1443/2879)
	Adj. OR (95% CI)	p	Adj. OR (95% CI)	p	Adj. OR (95% CI)	p
SES ¹
Model 1
SES¹ (range 3–21)	0.96 (0.95–0.97)	< 0.0001	0.96 (0.95–0.98)	< 0.0001	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	0.176
SES¹ (low-med-high)	0.77 (0.72–0.83)	< 0.0001	0.76 (0.69–0.84)	< 0.0001	0.95 (0.84–1.07)	0.391
Model 2
SES¹ (range 3–21)	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	< 0.0001	0.96 (0.95–0.98)	< 0.0001	0.98 (0.97–1.00)	0.110
SES¹ (low-med-high)	0.81 (0.75–0.88)	< 0.0001	0.76 (0.69–0.84)	< 0.0001	0.93 (0.82–1.06)	0.265

Model 1 adjusted for sex, age, living with partner and major medical diseases
Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, living with partner, major medical diseases, PHQ-2 (T0), MH² of depressive disorder, GAD-2 (T0) and MH² of anxiety disorder
¹SES Socioeconomic status
²MH Medical history
³Major medical diseases = any of the following diseases: CVD Cancer, diabetes, COPD Asthma
*boldface indicates p < 0.5 for odds ratios

ISSN: 1471-2458