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Table 3 Characteristics of included patients according to RT-PCR result

From: Influenza epidemiology and influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2016–2017 season in the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN)

 

Influenza negative

Influenza positive

A (H1N1)pdm09

A (H3N2)

A not subtyped

B/Yamagata

B/Victoria

B not subtyped

N = 7245

N = 2895

N = 76

N = 1840

N = 129

N = 108

N = 618

N = 135

Characteristic

n

%

n

%

P vs. negative

n

%

P vs. negative

n

%

P vs. negative

n

%

P vs. negative

n

%

P vs. negative

n

%

P vs. negative

n

%

P vs. negative

Age in years, median (range)

12 (0–105)

28 (0–103)

< 0.001

35 (0–84)

0.083

35 (0–103)

< 0.001

48 (0–102)

< 0.001

13 (0–92)

0.840

18 (0–89)

0.008

7 (0–94)

0.139

Age group

    

< 0.0001

  

0.0001

  

< 0.0001

  

< 0.0001

  

0.0003

  

< 0.0001

  

< 0.0001

 0–1 y

2361

32.8

331

11.9

 

11

14.5

 

220

12.5

 

16

16.0

 

20

19.8

 

47

7.6

 

20

14.9

 

 2–4 y

906

12.6

311

11.2

 

12

15.8

 

162

9.2

 

13

13.0

 

16

15.8

 

86

13.9

 

24

17.9

 

 5–17 y

446

6.2

381

13.7

 

7

9.2

 

143

8.1

 

7

7.0

 

15

14.9

 

176

28.5

 

35

26.1

 

 18–49 y

1305

18.1

795

28.7

 

23

30.3

 

440

25.1

 

15

15.0

 

10

9.9

 

282

45.6

 

26

19.4

 

 50–64 y

540

7.5

195

7.0

 

13

17.1

 

159

9.1

 

3

3.0

 

12

11.9

 

5

0.8

 

4

3.0

 

 65–74 y

565

7.9

228

8.2

 

7

9.2

 

178

10.1

 

15

15.0

 

7

6.9

 

11

1.8

 

10

7.5

 

 75–84 y

631

8.8

272

9.8

 

3

3.9

 

223

12.7

 

16

16.0

 

11

10.9

 

9

1.5

 

12

9.0

 

  ≥ 85 y

441

6.1

260

9.4

 

0

0.0

 

230

13.1

 

15

15.0

 

10

9.9

 

2

0.3

 

3

2.2

 

Sex

    

< 0.0001

  

0.1374

  

< 0.0001

  

0.3877

  

0.6826

  

< 0.0001

  

0.5137

 Male

3766

52.0

1339

46.3

 

33

43.4

 

859

46.7

 

72

55.8

 

54

50.0

 

254

41.1

 

74

54.8

 

 Female

3479

48.0

1556

53.7

 

43

56.6

 

981

53.3

 

57

44.2

 

54

50.0

 

364

58.9

 

61

45.2

 

Chronic conditions

    

< 0.0001

  

0.1801

  

< 0.0001

  

< 0.0001

  

0.0025

  

< 0.0001

  

0.6485

 0

4765

65.8

1661

57.4

 

44

57.9

 

894

48.6

 

51

39.5

 

58

53.7

 

528

85.4

 

92

68.1

 

 1

1240

17.1

572

19.8

 

19

25.0

 

415

22.6

 

27

20.9

 

18

16.7

 

71

11.5

 

24

17.8

 

  ≥2

1240

17.1

662

22.9

 

13

17.1

 

531

28.9

 

51

39.5

 

32

29.6

 

19

3.1

 

19

14.1

 

Previously hospitalised (last 12 months)

    

0.0163

  

0.2604

  

0.9969

  

0.6372

  

0.8445

  

0.0002

  

0.0086

 No

5029

73.6

1659

76.2

 

58

79.5

 

924

73.6

 

44

71.0

 

53

72.6

 

494

80.5

 

94

84.7

 

 Yes

1802

26.4

518

23.8

 

15

20.5

 

331

26.4

 

18

29.0

 

20

27.4

 

120

19.5

 

17

15.3

 

Underlying chronic conditions

 Cardiovascular disease

1298

17.9

796

27.5

< 0.0001

17

22.4

0.3145

627

34.1

< 0.0001

60

46.5

< 0.0001

37

34.3

< 0.0001

30

4.9

< 0.0001

28

20.7

0.3970

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

802

11.1

206

7.1

< 0.0001

8

10.5

0.8806

159

8.6

0.0025

10

7.8

0.2328

10

9.3

0.5513

16

2.6

< 0.0001

7

5.2

0.0301

 Asthma

276

3.8

187

6.5

< 0.0001

6

7.9

0.0656

147

8.0

< 0.0001

14

10.9

< 0.0001

8

7.4

0.0541

8

1.3

0.0013

4

3.0

0.6100

 Immunodeficiency/organ transplant

155

2.1

67

2.3

0.5867

3

3.9

0.2806

49

2.7

0.1758

7

5.4

0.0116

3

2.8

0.6497

2

0.3

0.0020

3

2.2

0.9475

 Diabetes

687

9.5

362

12.5

< 0.0001

11

14.5

0.1405

292

15.9

< 0.0001

33

25.6

< 0.0001

13

12.0

0.3693

5

0.8

< 0.0001

8

5.9

0.1610

 Renal impairment

409

5.6

208

7.2

0.0034

4

5.3

0.8858

161

8.8

< 0.0001

11

8.5

0.1616

7

6.5

0.7089

19

3.1

0.0069

7

5.2

0.8184

 Neuromuscular disease

234

3.2

192

6.6

< 0.0001

2

2.6

0.7690

147

8.0

< 0.0001

15

11.6

< 0.0001

8

7.4

0.0157

12

1.9

0.0775

9

6.7

0.0266

 Neoplasm

311

4.3

168

5.8

0.0012

0

0.0

0.0649

133

7.2

< 0.0001

20

15.5

< 0.0001

7

6.5

0.2670

4

0.6

< 0.0001

5

3.7

0.7377

 Cirrhosis/liver disease

97

1.3

38

1.3

0.9171

0

0.0

0.3099

29

1.6

0.4372

3

2.3

0.3369

1

0.9

0.7103

4

0.6

0.1428

1

0.7

0.5475

 Autoimmune disease

96

1.3

35

1.2

0.6402

1

1.3

0.9944

16

0.9

0.1139

1

0.8

0.5869

4

3.7

0.0341

12

1.9

0.2061

1

0.7

0.5548

Pregnant (women 15–45 y)

459

58.0

481

82.7

< 0.0001

1

10.0

0.0023

272

83.7

< 0.0001

2

28.6

0.1164

1

14.3

0.0198

196

89.9

< 0.0001

9

56.3

0.8866

Obese (all ages)

1083

15.6

374

14.6

0.1967

18

25.4

0.0250

271

17.0

0.1905

13

17.1

0.7231

17

18.3

0.4834

46

7.4

< 0.0001

12

9.6

0.0654

Outpatient consultations last 3 months

    

0.6362

  

0.7448

  

0.0005

  

0.7360

  

0.0061

  

0.0120

  

0.0008

 0

2504

36.7

779

35.8

 

25

34.2

 

388

30.9

 

20

32.3

 

40

54.8

 

262

42.7

 

48

43.2

 

 1

1448

21.2

480

22.0

 

14

19.2

 

287

22.9

 

15

24.2

 

11

15.1

 

121

19.7

 

35

31.5

 

  ≥ 2

2879

42.1

918

42.2

 

34

46.6

 

580

46.2

 

27

43.5

 

22

30.1

 

231

37.6

 

28

25.2

 

Smoking habits (patients ≥18 y)

    

< 0.0001

  

0.0753

  

< 0.0001

  

0.1387

  

0.9041

  

0.1663

  

0.0818

 Never smoker

4106

57.0

1598

57.5

 

42

56.0

 

993

56.7

 

62

53.9

 

57

56.4

 

367

59.5

 

84

64.1

 

 Past smoker

1366

19.0

640

23.0

 

21

28.0

 

459

26.2

 

23

20.0

 

18

17.8

 

98

15.9

 

15

11.5

 

 Current smoker

1728

24.0

542

19.5

 

12

16.0

 

300

17.1

 

30

26.1

 

26

25.7

 

152

24.6

 

32

24.4

 

Functional status impairment (Barthel score; patients ≥65 y)

    

0.0764

  

0.5686

  

0.1750

  

0.9911

  

0.4228

  

0.6788

  

0.0012

 Total (0–15)

106

6.8

24

3.9

 

0

0.0

 

21

4.2

 

3

7.3

 

0

0.0

 

0

0.0

 

0

0.0

 

 Severe (20–35)

35

2.3

15

2.4

 

0

0.0

 

11

2.2

 

1

2.4

 

0

0.0

 

0

0.0

 

3

13.0

 

 Moderate (40–55)

62

4.0

31

5.0

 

0

0.0

 

26

5.2

 

1

2.4

 

0

0.0

 

1

4.5

 

3

13.0

 

 Mild (60–90)

364

23.5

136

22.1

 

4

44.4

 

109

21.9

 

10

24.4

 

6

24.0

 

5

22.7

 

3

13.0

 

 Minimal (95–100)

985

63.5

409

66.5

 

5

55.6

 

330

66.4

 

26

63.4

 

19

76.0

 

16

72.7

 

14

60.9

 

Sampling time

    

< 0.0001

  

0.0051

  

< 0.0001

  

0.0797

  

0.7704

  

< 0.0001

  

0.3919

 0–2 days

2374

33.1

1211

42.0

 

16

21.1

 

830

45.3

 

54

41.9

 

35

32.7

 

237

38.3

 

40

29.6

 

 3–4 days

2521

35.2

1052

36.5

 

22

28.9

 

657

35.9

 

38

29.5

 

41

38.3

 

244

39.5

 

53

39.3

 

 5–7 days

1941

27.1

564

19.5

 

34

44.7

 

303

16.5

 

35

27.1

 

28

26.2

 

132

21.4

 

39

28.9

 

 8–9 days

335

4.7

59

2.0

 

4

5.3

 

42

2.3

 

2

1.6

 

3

2.8

 

5

0.8

 

3

2.2

 

Influenza vaccination ≥15 days from symptom onset

938

13.0

279

9.6

< 0.0001

7

9.2

0.3339

221

12.0

0.2825

10

7.8

0.0806

9

8.3

0.1554

25

4.1

< 0.0001

8

5.9

0.0156

Influenza vaccination ≥15 days from symptom onset (age ≥ 65)

673

39.9

195

22.1

< 0.0001

1

10.0

0.0541

175

24.4

< 0.0001

8

10.7

< 0.0001

6

17.1

0.0064

1

4.6

0.0008

4

15.4

0.0112

Influenza vaccination ≥15 days from symptom onset (targeted groups)

869

18.4

256

11.1

< 0.0001

7

13.0

0.3047

214

13.6

< 0.0001

8

7.2

0.0025

7

11.1

0.1373

14

3.1

< 0.0001

7

9.7

0.0586