Table 4 Summary of evidence on physical activity (PA) correlates in Thai older adults (60 years old and above)
From: Correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in the Thai population: a systematic review
Correlates | Relationship with PA | Summary Code | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative/Inverse (-) | Positive (+) | Non-significant (?) | ||
Individual Level | ||||
 Demographic factors | ||||
– Age | 104, 139, 164, 191, 192 | 37, 58, 59, 124, 140 | 58, 66, 116, 117, 142, 155, 162, 174, 177, 185 | ?? |
– Sex (+ denotes males are more active, - denotes females are more active) | 66, 100, 155 | 31, 42, 100, 116, 117, 142, 152, 162, 174, 184, 185 | 39, 58, 59, 68, 124, 139, 140, 164, 176, 191 | ?? |
– Municipality (+ denotes more PA in an urban place of residence, - denotes more PA in a rural place of residence) | 58 | 192 | 58 | ? |
– Marital status (+ denotes singles are more active) |  | 66, 155 | 58, 59, 117, 139, 164, 174, 185, 191 | ?? |
– Education level | 58, 116, 117 | 40, 59, 139, 142, 155, 162, 164, 185, 192 | 39, 58, 66, 174, 191 | ?? |
– Household income | 66, 117 | 39, 40, 58, 139, 185, 192 | 58, 59, 142, 162 | ?? |
– Occupation (+ denotes unemployed are more active) |  | 155 | 58, 59, 117 | ? |
– Region (+ denotes Central including Bangkok residents are more active, - denotes residents of other provinces are more active) | 134 | 155 |  | ? |
– Daily duties (+ denotes individuals performing daily duties regularly are more active, - denotes individuals performing daily duties occasionally are more active) | 162 |  |  | - |
– Senior-citizen club membership (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) |  | 139, 191 | 66 | + |
– Duration of health club membership |  |  | 117 | ? |
– Ever attended a workshop on exercise (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) |  | 124 |  | + |
Biological factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
– Body mass index (BMI) |  |  | 58, 66 | ? |
– Overweight |  |  | 147 (M, F) | ? |
– Obesity | 47 (M, F) |  |  | - |
– Bone mineral density (BMD) | 42 (F) | 99, 134, 138 | 42 (M) | + |
– Skeletal muscle mass (%) |  |  | 143 | ? |
– Dietary calcium intake |  | 138 |  | + |
– Adequate serum vitamin D levels |  |  | 143 | ? |
– Sunlight exposure |  | 138 |  | + |
– Total cholesterol (TCH) level |  |  | 60 (M, F) | ? |
– Triglycerides (TG) level | 60 (M, F) |  |  | - |
– HDL-cholesterol level |  | 60 (M, F) |  | + |
– Total cholesterol: HDL-C ratio | 60 (M, F) |  |  | - |
– High TCH |  |  | 60 (M, F) | ? |
– High TG | 60 (M, F) |  |  | - |
– Low HDL-C |  |  | 60 (M, F) | ? |
– High TCH: HDL-C ratio |  |  | 60 (M, F) | ? |
– Resting heart rate | 166 (M, F) |  |  | - |
– Mean heart rate |  |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– Predicted maximum heart rate (%) |  |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– Systolic blood pressure | 161 |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– Diastolic blood pressure | 161 |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– VO2max |  | 166 (M, F) |  | + |
– FEV1 (Abnormal lung function) |  |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– FVC (Pulmonary function test) |  |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– FEV1/FVC (%) |  |  | 166 (M, F) | ? |
– Hematocrit level | 73 |  |  | - |
– Hypercholesterolemia |  |  | 103 (M, F) | ? |
 Physical health | ||||
– History of sickness/Underlying illness/Co-morbid diseases (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) | 66 |  | 59, 162 | ? |
– Having health symptoms (i.e. fatigue, weight loss, sleep disorders) (+ denotes yes, - denotes no) | 162 |  |  | - |
– Osteoporosis | 138 |  |  | - |
– Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | 88 |  |  | - |
 General health | ||||
– Self-rated general health |  | 98, 139, 164, 169, 175 | 192, 185 | ++ |
– Health-related quality of life |  | 41, 48, 56 |  | + |
– General oral-health status (e.g. number of teeth, and oral malodour) |  |  | 152 | ? |
– Periodontal disease | 152 |  |  | - |
– Saliva flow rate |  | 152 |  | + |
 Psychological factors | ||||
– Mental health |  | 32, 43, 98, 175 | 43 | ++ |
– Attitudes towards PA/exercise |  | 79, 117, 188, 191 |  | ++ |
– Self-efficacy |  | 79, 98, 104, 139, 140, 162, 185 | 39, 53, 174 | ++ |
– Perceived benefits of PA/exercise |  | 40, 79, 139, 174, 177, 192 | 39, 59 | ++ |
– Perceived barriers for PA/exercise | 39, 40, 79, 139, 176 |  | 53, 174 | -- |
– Outcome expectancies |  | 79, 104, 140, 162 |  | ++ |
– Intention to PA/exercise |  | 79, 140 |  | + |
– Perceived control |  | 79 |  | + |
– Subjective norms |  | 79 |  | + |
– Enjoyment of PA/exercise |  |  | 59 | + |
– Perceived health risks of exercise | 140 |  |  | - |
– Life satisfaction |  | 120 |  | + |
– Career satisfaction |  | 182 |  | + |
– Motivation for PA/exercise |  |  | 174 | ? |
– Score on memory and intelligence tests |  |  | 32 | ? |
– Commitment to an exercise plan |  | 53 |  | + |
 Physical skills, abilities, and fitness | ||||
– Ability to do daily activities |  | 192 |  | + |
– Physical and functional fitness (e.g. walking distance, leg strength) |  | 43, 34, 93, 166 (M, F) |  | ++ |
– Score on Timed Up and Go test | 93 |  |  | - |
 Health behavioural and lifestyle factors | ||||
– Smoking | 66 |  | 78 (M, F), 153 | ? |
– Alcohol consumption | 66 | 177 (M) | 177 (F) | ? |
– Sedentary time | 58 |  |  | - |
– Spare time |  | 59 |  | + |
– Oral-health behaviours (i.e. tooth brushing, and regular dental visits) |  | 152 |  | + |
 Knowledge | ||||
– Knowledge about PA/exercise |  | 59, 117, 188, 191 | 162 | ++ |
Social environment | ||||
 Social and cultural factors | ||||
– Social support |  | 53, 192 | 98, 162, 174 | ? |
– General interpersonal influences |  | 139 | 117 | ? |
– Parent/family influences |  | 191, 192 | 39, 104 | ? |
– Friendship/companionship influences |  | 191, 192 | 104 | + |
– Hospital staff support |  | 191 |  | + |
– Information support (e.g. from media) |  | 164 |  | + |
– Religion (+ denotes Buddhists are more active, - denotes Muslims are more active) |  | 184, 192 |  | + |
Physical environment | ||||
 Environmental factors | ||||
– Supportive physical environment (e.g. facilities, supplies) |  | 39, 192 | 117 | + |
– Supportive neighbourhood environment |  | 39, 40, 104 | 98 | + |
– A sense of community |  | 98 |  | + |
– Urban environment | 100 (M, F) |  |  | - |
– Residential community (+ denotes rural community is more active, - denotes residential home is more active) |  | 68 |  | + |
– Distance to work |  |  | 58 | ? |
– Distance to the nearest shopping place | 58 |  |  | - |
– Distance to the nearest recreation facility |  |  | 58 | ? |
– Distance to the nearest religious establishment |  |  | 58 | ? |