Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analysis of Underweight (Weight-for-age index)
Variables | Model 0 (n = 3071) | Model 1 (n = 3046) | Model 2 (n = 1950) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Maternal factors | ||||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Rural | 1.52 (1.17–1.97) | < 0.01 | 0.69 (0.49–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.80 (0.56–1.16) | 0.25 |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||
Higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Secondary | 1.64 (0.96–2.80) | 0.06 | 1.43 (0.81–2.50) | 0.21 | 1.24 (0.66–2.34) | 0.51 |
Primary | 3.42 (1.82–6.40) | < 0.01 | 2.59 (1.26–5.31) | < 0.01 | 1.75 (0.84–3.72) | 0.14 |
No education | 5.55 (3.51–8.77) | < 0.01 | 3.18 (1.76–5.74) | < 0.01 | 2.55 (1.26–5.17) | < 0.01 |
Wealth index | ||||||
Richest | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Richer | 1.57 (0.99–2.49) | 0.05 | 1.18 (0.74–1.87) | 0.49 | 0.86 (0.52–1.43) | 0.57 |
Middle | 1.90 (1.26–2.87) | < 0.01 | 1.14 (0.68–1.90) | 0.61 | 0.97 (0.56–1.71) | 0.93 |
Poorer | 2.80 (1.95–4.03) | < 0.01 | 1.45 (0.86–2.51) | 0.17 | 1.14 (0.63–2.05) | 0.65 |
Poorest | 5.01 (3.47–7.22) | < 0.01 | 2.41 (1.32–4.39) | < 0.01 | 1.78 (0.95–3.34) | 0.06 |
Mother’s employment status | ||||||
Non-working | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Working | 1.38 (1.04–1.81) | 0.02 | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | 0.33 | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 0.85 |
Mother’s age at marriage (years) | ||||||
<18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
>18 | 0.52 (0.40–0.66) | < 0.01 | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.78 (0.57–1.04) | 0.09 |
Parity | ||||||
1–4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
5+ | 0.96 (0.76–1.20) | 0.73 | 0.68 (0.51–0.88) | < 0.01 | 0.73 (0.50–1.05) | 0.09 |
Mother’s access to information | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.55 (0.41–0.71) | < 0.01 | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 0.73 | 0.94 (0.65–1.36) | 0.75 |
Consanguineous marriage | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.74 (1.36–2.23) | < 0.01 | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 0.05 | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 0.34 |
Mother’s height (cm) | ||||||
Normal (≥145 cm) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Short (< 145 cm) | 2.87 (1.69–4.89) | < 0.01 | 2.42 (1.48–3.92) | < 0.01 | 2.31 (1.34–3.98) | < 0.01 |
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
Obese (≥30) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 0.87 (0.57–1.33) | 0.53 | 0.82 (0.51–1.31) | 0.41 | 0.79 (0.45–1.36) | 0.39 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1.94 (1.25–3.01) | < 0.01 | 1.44 (0.89–2.33) | 0.13 | 1.30 (0.76–2.22) | 0.33 |
Underweight (<18.5) | 3.40 (2.19–5.26) | < 0.01 | 2.04 (1.19–3.51) | < 0.01 | 1.78 (1.00–3.17) | 0.04 |
Child Factors | ||||||
Sex of child | ||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 1.30 (1.03–1.63) | 0.02 | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) | 0.12 | ||
Age of Child (months) | ||||||
0 (< 12) | 1 | 1 | ||||
1 (12–23) | 1.12 (0.77–1.64) | 0.54 | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) | 0.17 | ||
2 (24–35) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 0.91 | 1.18 (0.70–1.96) | 0.52 | ||
3 (36–47) | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 0.86 | 1.69 (0.89–3.21) | 0.10 | ||
4 (48–59) | 0.89 (0.62–1.28) | 0.54 | 1.65 (0.80–3.35) | 0.17 | ||
Child size at birth | ||||||
Average | 1 | 1 | ||||
Smaller than average | 1.69 (1.28–2.21) | < 0.01 | 1.67 (1.14–2.45) | <0.01 | ||
Larger than average | 0.66 (0.41–1.06) | 0.09 | 0.97 (0.53–1.76) | 0.94 | ||
Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||
None | 1 | 1 | ||||
1–3 | 0.81 (0.56–1.17) | 0.26 | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) | 0.78 | ||
3+ | 0.46 (0.30–0.71) | < 0.01 | 0.91 (0.57–1.46) | 0.72 | ||
Recent diarrheal incidence | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.27 (0.99–1.62) | 0.05 | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | 0.29 | ||
Breastfeeding status | ||||||
Never breastfed | 1 | 1 | ||||
Ever breastfed | 1.51 (0.63–3.59) | 0.35 | 1.03 (0.43–2.46) | 0.94 | ||
Still breastfeeding | 2.08 (0.88–4.88) | 0.09 | 1.71 (0.72–4.05) | 0.22 | ||