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Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analysis of Underweight (Weight-for-age index)

From: Determinants of stunting, underweight and wasting among children < 5 years of age: evidence from 2012-2013 Pakistan demographic and health survey

Variables

Model 0 (n = 3071)

Model 1 (n = 3046)

Model 2 (n = 1950)

cOR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Maternal factors

 Residence

  Urban

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Rural

1.52 (1.17–1.97)

< 0.01

0.69 (0.49–0.99)

0.04

0.80 (0.56–1.16)

0.25

 Mother’s educational level

  Higher

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Secondary

1.64 (0.96–2.80)

0.06

1.43 (0.81–2.50)

0.21

1.24 (0.66–2.34)

0.51

  Primary

3.42 (1.82–6.40)

< 0.01

2.59 (1.26–5.31)

< 0.01

1.75 (0.84–3.72)

0.14

  No education

5.55 (3.51–8.77)

< 0.01

3.18 (1.76–5.74)

< 0.01

2.55 (1.26–5.17)

< 0.01

 Wealth index

  Richest

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Richer

1.57 (0.99–2.49)

0.05

1.18 (0.74–1.87)

0.49

0.86 (0.52–1.43)

0.57

  Middle

1.90 (1.26–2.87)

< 0.01

1.14 (0.68–1.90)

0.61

0.97 (0.56–1.71)

0.93

  Poorer

2.80 (1.95–4.03)

< 0.01

1.45 (0.86–2.51)

0.17

1.14 (0.63–2.05)

0.65

  Poorest

5.01 (3.47–7.22)

< 0.01

2.41 (1.32–4.39)

< 0.01

1.78 (0.95–3.34)

0.06

 Mother’s employment status

  Non-working

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Working

1.38 (1.04–1.81)

0.02

0.87 (0.66–1.15)

0.33

0.96 (0.67–1.38)

0.85

 Mother’s age at marriage (years)

  <18

1

 

1

 

1

 

  >18

0.52 (0.40–0.66)

< 0.01

0.76 (0.61–0.96)

0.02

0.78 (0.57–1.04)

0.09

 Parity

  1–4

1

 

1

 

1

 

  5+

0.96 (0.76–1.20)

0.73

0.68 (0.51–0.88)

< 0.01

0.73 (0.50–1.05)

0.09

 Mother’s access to information

  No

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Yes

0.55 (0.41–0.71)

< 0.01

0.94 (0.69–1.29)

0.73

0.94 (0.65–1.36)

0.75

 Consanguineous marriage

  No

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Yes

1.74 (1.36–2.23)

< 0.01

1.27 (0.99–1.63)

0.05

1.14 (0.86–1.50)

0.34

 Mother’s height (cm)

  Normal (≥145 cm)

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Short (< 145 cm)

2.87 (1.69–4.89)

< 0.01

2.42 (1.48–3.92)

< 0.01

2.31 (1.34–3.98)

< 0.01

 Mother’s BMI (kg/m2)

  Obese (≥30)

1

 

1

 

1

 

  Overweight (25.0–29.9)

0.87 (0.57–1.33)

0.53

0.82 (0.51–1.31)

0.41

0.79 (0.45–1.36)

0.39

  Normal (18.5–24.9)

1.94 (1.25–3.01)

< 0.01

1.44 (0.89–2.33)

0.13

1.30 (0.76–2.22)

0.33

  Underweight (<18.5)

3.40 (2.19–5.26)

< 0.01

2.04 (1.19–3.51)

< 0.01

1.78 (1.00–3.17)

0.04

Child Factors

 Sex of child

  Female

1

   

1

 

  Male

1.30 (1.03–1.63)

0.02

  

1.24 (0.94–1.63)

0.12

 Age of Child (months)

  0 (<  12)

1

   

1

 

  1 (12–23)

1.12 (0.77–1.64)

0.54

  

1.31 (0.88–1.94)

0.17

  2 (24–35)

0.98 (0.72–1.33)

0.91

  

1.18 (0.70–1.96)

0.52

  3 (36–47)

0.96 (0.67–1.39)

0.86

  

1.69 (0.89–3.21)

0.10

  4 (48–59)

0.89 (0.62–1.28)

0.54

  

1.65 (0.80–3.35)

0.17

 Child size at birth

  Average

1

   

1

 

  Smaller than average

1.69 (1.28–2.21)

< 0.01

  

1.67 (1.14–2.45)

<0.01

  Larger than average

0.66 (0.41–1.06)

0.09

  

0.97 (0.53–1.76)

0.94

 Antenatal clinic visits

  None

1

   

1

 

  1–3

0.81 (0.56–1.17)

0.26

  

1.03 (0.70–1.51)

0.78

  3+

0.46 (0.30–0.71)

< 0.01

  

0.91 (0.57–1.46)

0.72

 Recent diarrheal incidence

  No

1

   

1

 

  Yes

1.27 (0.99–1.62)

0.05

  

1.15 (0.85–1.55)

0.29

 Breastfeeding status

  Never breastfed

1

   

1

 

  Ever breastfed

1.51 (0.63–3.59)

0.35

  

1.03 (0.43–2.46)

0.94

  Still breastfeeding

2.08 (0.88–4.88)

0.09

  

1.71 (0.72–4.05)

0.22

  1. Model 0 = Univariate Analysis (cOR: Crude Odds Ratio)
  2. Model 1 = Adjusted with Residence, mother’s education level, wealth index, mother’s employment status, mother’s age at marriage, parity, mother’s access to information, consanguineous marriage, mother’s height and mother’s BMI (aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio)
  3. Model 2 = Model 1 + Sex of child, Age of child, child’s size at birth, antenatal clinic visits, recent diarrheal incidence, and breastfeeding status (aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio)