|
Variables
|
Model 0 (n = 3071)
|
Model 1 (n = 3046)
|
Model 2 (n = 1950)
|
|---|
|
cOR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
aOR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
aOR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Maternal factors
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Rural
|
1.52 (1.17–1.97)
|
< 0.01
|
0.69 (0.49–0.99)
|
0.04
|
0.80 (0.56–1.16)
|
0.25
|
|
Mother’s educational level
|
|
Higher
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Secondary
|
1.64 (0.96–2.80)
|
0.06
|
1.43 (0.81–2.50)
|
0.21
|
1.24 (0.66–2.34)
|
0.51
|
|
Primary
|
3.42 (1.82–6.40)
|
< 0.01
|
2.59 (1.26–5.31)
|
< 0.01
|
1.75 (0.84–3.72)
|
0.14
|
|
No education
|
5.55 (3.51–8.77)
|
< 0.01
|
3.18 (1.76–5.74)
|
< 0.01
|
2.55 (1.26–5.17)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Wealth index
|
|
Richest
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Richer
|
1.57 (0.99–2.49)
|
0.05
|
1.18 (0.74–1.87)
|
0.49
|
0.86 (0.52–1.43)
|
0.57
|
|
Middle
|
1.90 (1.26–2.87)
|
< 0.01
|
1.14 (0.68–1.90)
|
0.61
|
0.97 (0.56–1.71)
|
0.93
|
|
Poorer
|
2.80 (1.95–4.03)
|
< 0.01
|
1.45 (0.86–2.51)
|
0.17
|
1.14 (0.63–2.05)
|
0.65
|
|
Poorest
|
5.01 (3.47–7.22)
|
< 0.01
|
2.41 (1.32–4.39)
|
< 0.01
|
1.78 (0.95–3.34)
|
0.06
|
|
Mother’s employment status
|
|
Non-working
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Working
|
1.38 (1.04–1.81)
|
0.02
|
0.87 (0.66–1.15)
|
0.33
|
0.96 (0.67–1.38)
|
0.85
|
|
Mother’s age at marriage (years)
|
|
<18
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
>18
|
0.52 (0.40–0.66)
|
< 0.01
|
0.76 (0.61–0.96)
|
0.02
|
0.78 (0.57–1.04)
|
0.09
|
|
Parity
|
|
1–4
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
5+
|
0.96 (0.76–1.20)
|
0.73
|
0.68 (0.51–0.88)
|
< 0.01
|
0.73 (0.50–1.05)
|
0.09
|
|
Mother’s access to information
|
|
No
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
0.55 (0.41–0.71)
|
< 0.01
|
0.94 (0.69–1.29)
|
0.73
|
0.94 (0.65–1.36)
|
0.75
|
|
Consanguineous marriage
|
|
No
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1.74 (1.36–2.23)
|
< 0.01
|
1.27 (0.99–1.63)
|
0.05
|
1.14 (0.86–1.50)
|
0.34
|
|
Mother’s height (cm)
|
|
Normal (≥145 cm)
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Short (< 145 cm)
|
2.87 (1.69–4.89)
|
< 0.01
|
2.42 (1.48–3.92)
|
< 0.01
|
2.31 (1.34–3.98)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2)
|
|
Obese (≥30)
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Overweight (25.0–29.9)
|
0.87 (0.57–1.33)
|
0.53
|
0.82 (0.51–1.31)
|
0.41
|
0.79 (0.45–1.36)
|
0.39
|
|
Normal (18.5–24.9)
|
1.94 (1.25–3.01)
|
< 0.01
|
1.44 (0.89–2.33)
|
0.13
|
1.30 (0.76–2.22)
|
0.33
|
|
Underweight (<18.5)
|
3.40 (2.19–5.26)
|
< 0.01
|
2.04 (1.19–3.51)
|
< 0.01
|
1.78 (1.00–3.17)
|
0.04
|
|
Child Factors
|
|
Sex of child
|
|
Female
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Male
|
1.30 (1.03–1.63)
|
0.02
| | |
1.24 (0.94–1.63)
|
0.12
|
|
Age of Child (months)
|
|
0 (< 12)
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
1 (12–23)
|
1.12 (0.77–1.64)
|
0.54
| | |
1.31 (0.88–1.94)
|
0.17
|
|
2 (24–35)
|
0.98 (0.72–1.33)
|
0.91
| | |
1.18 (0.70–1.96)
|
0.52
|
|
3 (36–47)
|
0.96 (0.67–1.39)
|
0.86
| | |
1.69 (0.89–3.21)
|
0.10
|
|
4 (48–59)
|
0.89 (0.62–1.28)
|
0.54
| | |
1.65 (0.80–3.35)
|
0.17
|
|
Child size at birth
|
|
Average
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Smaller than average
|
1.69 (1.28–2.21)
|
< 0.01
| | |
1.67 (1.14–2.45)
|
<0.01
|
|
Larger than average
|
0.66 (0.41–1.06)
|
0.09
| | |
0.97 (0.53–1.76)
|
0.94
|
|
Antenatal clinic visits
|
|
None
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
1–3
|
0.81 (0.56–1.17)
|
0.26
| | |
1.03 (0.70–1.51)
|
0.78
|
|
3+
|
0.46 (0.30–0.71)
|
< 0.01
| | |
0.91 (0.57–1.46)
|
0.72
|
|
Recent diarrheal incidence
|
|
No
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1.27 (0.99–1.62)
|
0.05
| | |
1.15 (0.85–1.55)
|
0.29
|
|
Breastfeeding status
|
|
Never breastfed
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Ever breastfed
|
1.51 (0.63–3.59)
|
0.35
| | |
1.03 (0.43–2.46)
|
0.94
|
|
Still breastfeeding
|
2.08 (0.88–4.88)
|
0.09
| | |
1.71 (0.72–4.05)
|
0.22
|
- Model 0 = Univariate Analysis (cOR: Crude Odds Ratio)
- Model 1 = Adjusted with Residence, mother’s education level, wealth index, mother’s employment status, mother’s age at marriage, parity, mother’s access to information, consanguineous marriage, mother’s height and mother’s BMI (aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio)
- Model 2 = Model 1 + Sex of child, Age of child, child’s size at birth, antenatal clinic visits, recent diarrheal incidence, and breastfeeding status (aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio)
