Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analysis of Stunting (Height-for-age index)
Variables | Model 0 (n = 3071) | Model 1 (n = 3046) | Model 2 (n = 1950) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Maternal factors | ||||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Rural | 1.57 (1.25–1.96) | < 0.01 | 0.70 (0.53–0.92) | 0.01 | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) | 0.01 |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||
Higher | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Secondary | 1.28 (0.80–2.00) | 0.28 | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) | 0.94 | 0.93 (0.56–1.56) | 0.80 |
Primary | 3.21 (1.96–5.24) | < 0.01 | 1.95 (1.15–3.28) | 0.01 | 1.40 (0.79–2.50) | 0.24 |
No education | 4.66 (3.10–7.00) | < 0.01 | 2.11 (1.29–3.43) | < 0.01 | 1.59 (0.88–2.88) | 0.12 |
Wealth index | ||||||
Richest | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Richer | 2.01 (1.39–2.91) | < 0.01 | 1.70 (1.14–2.52) | < 0.01 | 1.23 (0.76–2.00) | 0.41 |
Middle | 2.22 (1.55–3.17) | < 0.01 | 1.60 (1.02–2.53) | 0.04 | 1.20 (0.66–2.17) | 0.53 |
Poorer | 4.16 (2.93–5.88) | < 0.01 | 2.64 (1.59–4.39) | < 0.01 | 1.72 (0.93–3.18) | 0.08 |
Poorest | 5.41 (3.91–7.48) | < 0.01 | 3.22 (1.86–5.59) | < 0.01 | 2.09 (1.05–4.14) | 0.03 |
Mother’s employment status | ||||||
Non-working | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Working | 1.45 (1.18–1.77) | < 0.01 | 0.94 (0.77–1.16) | 0.61 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.49 |
Mother’s age at marriage (years) | ||||||
< 18 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
>18 | 0.52 (0.42–0.64) | < 0.01 | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 0.04 |
Parity | ||||||
1–4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
5+ | 1.40 (1.10–1.78) | < 0.01 | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.97 | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) | 0.67 |
Mother’s access to information | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.53 (0.39–0.71) | < 0.01 | 0.98 (0.66–1.45) | 0.94 | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 0.91 |
Consanguineous marriage | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.64 (1.31–2.05) | < 0.01 | 1.22 (0.96–1.54) | 0.09 | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 0.20 |
Mother’s height (cm) | ||||||
Normal (≥145 cm) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Short (< 145 cm) | 3.05 (1.68–5.55) | < 0.01 | 2.37 (1.34–4.23) | < 0.01 | 1.91 (1.04–3.51) | 0.03 |
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
Obese (≥30) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1.17(0.80–1.70) | 0.41 | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) | 0.56 | 1.36 (0.87–2.12) | 0.17 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 1.67 (1.13–2.47) | < 0.01 | 1.20 (0.81–1.77) | 0.35 | 1.34 (0.87–2.06) | 0.17 |
Underweight (< 18.5) | 2.39(1.47–3.88) | < 0.01 | 1.42 (0.79–2.52) | 0.23 | 1.72 (0.96–3.03) | 0.06 |
Child Factors | ||||||
Sex of child | ||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) | 0.01 | 1.47 (1.14-1.89) | < 0.01 | ||
Age of Child (months) | ||||||
0 (< 12) | 1 | 1 | ||||
1 (12–23) | 2.33 (1.62–3.37) | < 0.01 | 2.56 (1.67–3.91) | < 0.01 | ||
2 (24–35) | 2.92 (2.17–3.93) | < 0.01 | 3.65 (2.23–5.95) | < 0.01 | ||
3 (36–47) | 2.42 (1.76–3.32) | < 0.01 | 3.61 (2.05–6.25) | < 0.01 | ||
4 (48–59) | 2.13 (1.54–2.95) | < 0.01 | 2.28 (1.16–4.46) | 0.01 | ||
Child size at birth | ||||||
Average | 1 | 1 | ||||
Smaller than average | 1.56 (1.21–2.01) | < 0.01 | 1.48 (1.02–2.16) | 0.03 | ||
Larger than average | 0.54 (0.34–0.86) | 0.01 | 0.55 (0.33–092) | 0.02 | ||
Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||
None | 1 | 1 | ||||
1–3 | 0.57 (0.39–0.84) | < 0.01 | 0.68 (0.45–1.00) | 0.05 | ||
3+ | 0.35 (0.24–0.51) | < 0.01 | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) | 0.04 | ||
Recent diarrheal incidence | ||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) | 0.26 | 1.06 (0.79–1.40) | 0.67 | ||
Breastfeeding status | ||||||
Never breastfed | 1 | 1 | ||||
Ever breastfed | 1.49 (0.72–3.05) | 0.27 | 0.94 (0.37–2.43) | 0.91 | ||
Still breastfeeding | 1.19 (0.58–2.45) | 0.62 | 1.34 (0.50–3.55) | 0.55 | ||