|
Variables
|
Model 0 (n = 3071)
|
Model 1 (n = 3046)
|
Model 2 (n = 1950)
|
|---|
|
cOR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
aOR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
aOR (95% CI)
|
p-value
|
|---|
|
Maternal factors
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Rural
|
1.57 (1.25–1.96)
|
< 0.01
|
0.70 (0.53–0.92)
|
0.01
|
0.67 (0.48–0.92)
|
0.01
|
|
Mother’s educational level
|
|
Higher
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Secondary
|
1.28 (0.80–2.00)
|
0.28
|
0.98 (0.62–1.55)
|
0.94
|
0.93 (0.56–1.56)
|
0.80
|
|
Primary
|
3.21 (1.96–5.24)
|
< 0.01
|
1.95 (1.15–3.28)
|
0.01
|
1.40 (0.79–2.50)
|
0.24
|
|
No education
|
4.66 (3.10–7.00)
|
< 0.01
|
2.11 (1.29–3.43)
|
< 0.01
|
1.59 (0.88–2.88)
|
0.12
|
|
Wealth index
|
|
Richest
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Richer
|
2.01 (1.39–2.91)
|
< 0.01
|
1.70 (1.14–2.52)
|
< 0.01
|
1.23 (0.76–2.00)
|
0.41
|
|
Middle
|
2.22 (1.55–3.17)
|
< 0.01
|
1.60 (1.02–2.53)
|
0.04
|
1.20 (0.66–2.17)
|
0.53
|
|
Poorer
|
4.16 (2.93–5.88)
|
< 0.01
|
2.64 (1.59–4.39)
|
< 0.01
|
1.72 (0.93–3.18)
|
0.08
|
|
Poorest
|
5.41 (3.91–7.48)
|
< 0.01
|
3.22 (1.86–5.59)
|
< 0.01
|
2.09 (1.05–4.14)
|
0.03
|
|
Mother’s employment status
|
|
Non-working
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Working
|
1.45 (1.18–1.77)
|
< 0.01
|
0.94 (0.77–1.16)
|
0.61
|
0.92 (0.73–1.16)
|
0.49
|
|
Mother’s age at marriage (years)
|
|
< 18
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
>18
|
0.52 (0.42–0.64)
|
< 0.01
|
0.79 (0.63–0.99)
|
0.04
|
0.76 (0.59–0.99)
|
0.04
|
|
Parity
|
|
1–4
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
5+
|
1.40 (1.10–1.78)
|
< 0.01
|
0.99 (0.76–1.29)
|
0.97
|
1.06 (0.78–1.45)
|
0.67
|
|
Mother’s access to information
|
|
No
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
0.53 (0.39–0.71)
|
< 0.01
|
0.98 (0.66–1.45)
|
0.94
|
1.02 (0.68–1.53)
|
0.91
|
|
Consanguineous marriage
|
|
No
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1.64 (1.31–2.05)
|
< 0.01
|
1.22 (0.96–1.54)
|
0.09
|
1.19 (0.91–1.55)
|
0.20
|
|
Mother’s height (cm)
|
|
Normal (≥145 cm)
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Short (< 145 cm)
|
3.05 (1.68–5.55)
|
< 0.01
|
2.37 (1.34–4.23)
|
< 0.01
|
1.91 (1.04–3.51)
|
0.03
|
|
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2)
|
|
Obese (≥30)
|
1
| |
1
| |
1
| |
|
Overweight (25.0–29.9)
|
1.17(0.80–1.70)
|
0.41
|
1.11 (0.77–1.60)
|
0.56
|
1.36 (0.87–2.12)
|
0.17
|
|
Normal (18.5–24.9)
|
1.67 (1.13–2.47)
|
< 0.01
|
1.20 (0.81–1.77)
|
0.35
|
1.34 (0.87–2.06)
|
0.17
|
|
Underweight (< 18.5)
|
2.39(1.47–3.88)
|
< 0.01
|
1.42 (0.79–2.52)
|
0.23
|
1.72 (0.96–3.03)
|
0.06
|
|
Child Factors
|
|
Sex of child
|
|
Female
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Male
|
1.28 (1.05–1.56)
|
0.01
| | |
1.47 (1.14-1.89)
|
< 0.01
|
|
Age of Child (months)
|
|
0 (< 12)
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
1 (12–23)
|
2.33 (1.62–3.37)
|
< 0.01
| | |
2.56 (1.67–3.91)
|
< 0.01
|
|
2 (24–35)
|
2.92 (2.17–3.93)
|
< 0.01
| | |
3.65 (2.23–5.95)
|
< 0.01
|
|
3 (36–47)
|
2.42 (1.76–3.32)
|
< 0.01
| | |
3.61 (2.05–6.25)
|
< 0.01
|
|
4 (48–59)
|
2.13 (1.54–2.95)
|
< 0.01
| | |
2.28 (1.16–4.46)
|
0.01
|
|
Child size at birth
|
|
Average
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Smaller than average
|
1.56 (1.21–2.01)
|
< 0.01
| | |
1.48 (1.02–2.16)
|
0.03
|
|
Larger than average
|
0.54 (0.34–0.86)
|
0.01
| | |
0.55 (0.33–092)
|
0.02
|
|
Antenatal clinic visits
|
|
None
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
1–3
|
0.57 (0.39–0.84)
|
< 0.01
| | |
0.68 (0.45–1.00)
|
0.05
|
|
3+
|
0.35 (0.24–0.51)
|
< 0.01
| | |
0.61 (0.38–0.98)
|
0.04
|
|
Recent diarrheal incidence
|
|
No
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Yes
|
1.14 (0.90–1.45)
|
0.26
| | |
1.06 (0.79–1.40)
|
0.67
|
|
Breastfeeding status
|
|
Never breastfed
|
1
| | | |
1
| |
|
Ever breastfed
|
1.49 (0.72–3.05)
|
0.27
| | |
0.94 (0.37–2.43)
|
0.91
|
|
Still breastfeeding
|
1.19 (0.58–2.45)
|
0.62
| | |
1.34 (0.50–3.55)
|
0.55
|
- Model 0 = Univariate Analysis (cOR: Crude Odds Ratio)
- Model 1 = Adjusted with Residence, mother’s education level, wealth index, mother’s employment status, mother’s age at marriage, parity, mother’s access to information, consanguineous marriage, mother’s height and mother’s BMI (aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio)
- Model 2 = Model 1 + Sex of child, age of child, child’s size at birth, antenatal clinic visits, recent diarrheal incidence, and breastfeeding status (aOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio)
