Table 3 Socio-demographic characteristics of Pakistani children in the age range of < 5 years (n = 3071)
Variables | Total | Stunted | Underweight | Wasted | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal factors | n | % | (%) | (%) | (%) |
Residence | |||||
Urban | 1330 | 43.3 | 39.9 | 21.4 | 9.8 |
Rural | 1741 | 56.7 | 48.8 | 30.5 | 10.9 |
Mother’s educational level | |||||
No education | 1606 | 52.3 | 55.0 | 34.0 | 12.3 |
Primary | 497 | 16.2 | 45.7 | 26.8 | 8.9 |
Secondary | 626 | 20.4 | 29.1 | 15.7 | 8.3 |
Higher | 342 | 11.1 | 25.7 | 11.4 | 7.6 |
Wealth index | |||||
Poorest | 634 | 20.6 | 62.3 | 37.9 | 12.8 |
Poorer | 613 | 20.0 | 54.8 | 32.8 | 11.1 |
Middle | 554 | 18.0 | 44.0 | 25.8 | 10.6 |
Richer | 658 | 21.4 | 38.8 | 20.7 | 8.8 |
Richest | 612 | 19.9 | 24.5 | 15.7 | 8.7 |
Mother’s employment status (n = 3064) | |||||
Non-Working | 2423 | 79.1 | 43.0 | 24.8 | 10.4 |
Working | 641 | 20.9 | 52.7 | 33.4 | 10.3 |
Mother’s age at marriage (years) | |||||
< 18 | 1281 | 41.7 | 52.1 | 31.9 | 11.0 |
≥ 18 | 1790 | 58.3 | 39.8 | 22.7 | 9.9 |
Parity | |||||
1–4 | 2060 | 67.1 | 40.7 | 26.4 | 10.1 |
5+ | 1011 | 32.9 | 53.5 | 26.9 | 10.9 |
Mother’s access to information | |||||
No | 859 | 28.0 | 54.1 | 32.5 | 12.5 |
Yes | 2212 | 72.0 | 41.1 | 24.3 | 9.6 |
Consanguineous marriage | |||||
No | 1159 | 37.7 | 38.4 | 21.0 | 9.8 |
Yes | 1912 | 62.3 | 48.9 | 30.0 | 10.7 |
Mother’s height (cm) (n = 3064) | |||||
Short Stature (< 145 cm) | 132 | 4.3 | 70.5 | 50.0 | 11.4 |
Normal (≥ 145 cm) | 2924 | 95.7 | 43.9 | 25.6 | 10.4 |
Mother’s BMI (kg/m2) (n = 3061) | |||||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 364 | 11.9 | 58.5 | 45.3 | 15.7 |
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 1657 | 54.3 | 45.6 | 28.2 | 11.1 |
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 696 | 22.8 | 43.1 | 18.7 | 8.5 |
Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 336 | 11.0 | 32.1 | 16.1 | 5.1 |
Child Factors | |||||
Sex of child | |||||
Male | 1558 | 50.7 | 46.8 | 28.2 | 11.6 |
Female | 1513 | 49.3 | 43.0 | 24.9 | 9.2 |
Child size at birth (n = 3066) | |||||
Smaller than average | 542 | 17.7 | 51.8 | 34.7 | 12.7 |
Average | 2280 | 74.4 | 44.7 | 25.4 | 10.0 |
Larger than average | 244 | 8.0 | 32.0 | 18.4 | 8.6 |
Antenatal clinic visits (n = 1967) | |||||
None | 439 | 22.3 | 57.4 | 33.0 | 13.9 |
1–3 | 716 | 36.4 | 44.4 | 30.0 | 12.7 |
3+ | 812 | 41.3 | 33.1 | 20.0 | 10.8 |
Recent diarrheal incidence (last two weeks) (n = 3076) | |||||
No | 2395 | 78.1 | 44.8 | 25.4 | 9.6 |
Yes | 672 | 21.9 | 45.7 | 31.0 | 13.4 |
Breastfeeding status (n = 3066) | |||||
Ever breastfeed | 2016 | 65.8 | 48.5 | 25.3 | 8.0 |
Never breastfed | 84 | 2.7 | 33.3 | 19.0 | 8.3 |
Still breastfeeding | 966 | 31.5 | 38.6 | 29.8 | 15.4 |
Age of Child (months) | |||||
0 (< 12 months) | 580 | 18.9 | 25.0 | 24.0 | 15.2 |
1 (12-23 months) | 551 | 17.9 | 45.2 | 28.7 | 15.6 |
2 (24-35 months) | 652 | 21.2 | 54.3 | 28.5 | 8.1 |
3 (36-47 months) | 633 | 20.6 | 50.1 | 25.6 | 7.7 |
4 (48–59 months) | 655 | 21.3 | 48.1 | 26.1 | 6.6 |
Region | |||||
Punjab | 1018 | 33.1 | 37.7 | 23.8 | 8.3 |
Sindh | 704 | 22.9 | 55.1 | 40.1 | 12.9 |
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 541 | 17.6 | 37.9 | 24.0 | 11.5 |
Balochistan | 292 | 9.5 | 78.8 | 33.6 | 12.7 |
Gilgit Baltistan | 301 | 9.8 | 41.5 | 12.0 | 7.0 |
Islamabad capital territory (ICT) | 215 | 7.0 | 22.3 | 13.0 | 11.2 |