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Table 1 Characteristics of studies on dietary processed meat or red meat and heart failure risk

From: Association between intake of red and processed meat and the risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis

Study, year

Country (study)

Quality scores

Participants (cases)

Age (years)

Follow-up duration

Amounts of meat intake

RR (95% CI)

Method of heart failure ascertainment

Method of dietary assessment

Adjustment for covariates

Ashaye A 2011

United States (Physicians’ Health Study)

8

21,120 (1204)

54.6

19.9

Red meat

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Quartile 5

Red meat

1

1.02(0.85–1.22)

1.08(0.90–1.30)

1.17(0.97–1.41)

1.24(1.03–1.48)

Obtained through yearly questionnaires; the HF diagnoses had been previously confirmed with the use of the Framingham criteria[

Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (19 items)

Adjusted for age, aspirin assignment, smoking, alcohol consumption, cereal consumption, parental history of MI prior to age 60 y, exercise and body mass index, and prevalent diabetes, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension at 12 months post randomization.

Del Gobbo 2015

United States (Cardiovascular Health Study)

7

4490 (1380)

72

21.5

Processed

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Quartile 5

Red

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Quartile 5

Processed 1

1.01(0.95–1.27)

1.11(1.84–1.47)

1.12(0.85–1.48)

1.21(0.92–1.60)

Red

1

0.77(0.65–0.91)

0.92(0.78–1.09)

0.91(0.77–1.07)

0.94(0.80–1.10)

1) diagnosis by a treating physician; 2) HF symptoms (shortness of breath, fatigue, orthopnea, or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) plus signs (edema, rales, tachycardia, gallop rhythm, or displaced apical impulse) or supportive findings on echocardiography, contrast ventriculography, or chest radiography; and 3) medical therapy for HF, defined as diuretics plus either digitalis or a vasodilator.

Using a validated 99-item food frequency questionnaire

Adjusted for age, sex, race, enrollment site, education, annual income, total kcal expended, walking pace, smoking, and alcohol intake.

Kaluza J 2014

Sweden (Swedish Men)

8

37,035 (2891)

45–79

11.9

Processed

< 25.0 g/d

25.0–49.9

50.0–74.9

≥75.0

Red

< 25.0 g/d

25.0–49.9

50.0–74.9

≥75.0

Processed

1

1.09(1.00–1.19)

1.09(0.97–1.23)

1.28(1.10–1.48)

Red

1

0.96(0.86–1.07)

0.99(0.88–1.11)

0.99(0.87–1.13)

Events of HF were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD code I50 and I11.0).

Diet was assessed with a 96-item food-frequency questionnaire

Adjusted for age, education, smoking status, and pack-years of smoking, body mass index, total physical activity, aspirin use, supplement use, family history of myocardial infarction at < 60 y, and intake of energy and consumption of alcohol, whole grain products, fruit, vegetable, and fish.

Kaluza J 2015

Sweden (Swedish Mammography Cohort)

7

34,057 (2806)

48–83

13.2

Processed

< 25 g/d

25–49.9

≥50

Red

< 25 g/d

25–49.9

≥50

Processed

1

1.09(0.99–1.19)

1.30(1.05–1.60)

Red

1

0.88(0.81–0.96)

1.00(0.89–1.13)

Events of HF were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD code I50 and I11.0).

Diet was assessed with a 96-item food-frequency questionnaire

Adjusted for age, education, smoking status, and pack-years of smoking, body mass index, total physical activity, aspirin use, supplement use, family history of myocardial infarction at < 60 y, and intake of energy and consumption of alcohol, whole grain products, fruit, vegetable, and fish.

Nettleton JA 2008

United States (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study)

8

14,153 (1140)

45–64

13

Processed or Red

Highest vs. lowest categories

1.07(0.97–1.17)

Incident HF cases were identified through review of county death certificates and local hospital discharge lists and defined according to the International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-9 or ICD-10).

Using a 66-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire

Adjusted for energy intake, plus demographics: age, sex, race/center, education level lifestyle factors: physical activity level, smoking, and drinking status, and prevalent disease status: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension.

Wirth J 2016

Germany (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam)

8

24,008 (209)

35–65

8.2

Processed

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

Quartile 5

Processed

1

1.73(1.05–2.80)

1.40(0.86–2.31)

1.57(0.92–2.65)

2.04(1.17–3.55)

(a) self-report, (b) death certificates (diagnosis I50 of ICD-10 as underlying cause of death), (c) link to the hospital information system of the major hospital in the Potsdam area and (d) validation of participants who suffered from incident myocardial infarction or reported the use of medications typical for the treatment of HF.

Using a semi-quantitative, self-administered food frequency questionnaire

Adjusted for sex and energy intake, stratified for age, educational degree, physical activity and smoking status.

  1. Abbreviations: RR relative risk; CI confidence interval