Table 1 Translated second-order and third-order constructs synthesised and influencing emerging theory
Translated second-order constructs | References | Summary of third-order construct |
|---|---|---|
Life events leading to a change in circumstances or role and triggering reflection on the new stage of life | How physical activity fits in with transition events in ageing Major life events such as bereavement, retirement, end of caring role for children or grandchild can act as triggers leading to an awareness of the ageing body. Any negative feelings about ageing may be compounded by societal attitudes, stereotypes, and the expectations of others such as family. However, recognition of this new phase of life can be positive and lead to renewed motivation to stay youthful, maintain energy levels and vitality, and look after the physical body to maintain independence. For those with established physical activity habits, continuing lifelong patterns can facilitate this transition. | |
Reflection on lifelong patterns and past experiences with physical activity, including establishment of healthy habits early in life | ||
Personal awareness of the ageing body and functional limitations to independence. Physical activity as a way of preventing ageing, a source of rejuvenation and youthfulness, giving new energy | [34, 37, 39, 41,42,43,44,45,46, 49,50,51, 53, 54, 57, 60, 61, 67] | |
Societal attitudes and stereotypes about ageing and physical activity | ||
Physical appearance in ageing and effects of physical activity on image | ||
Routine and discipline | The role of physical activity in older adults’ sense of purpose and self-belief Physical activity forms an important part of an older adult’s daily routine and is conceptualised as a personal responsibility requiring discipline and taken seriously. In this way physical activity contributes to older adults’ role identity and sense of purpose. Being physically active in older age can provide a sense of personal achievement and satisfaction in mastering a new activity or maintaining an active life despite the challenges of ageing. Physical activity can also provide individuals with satisfaction and personal gratification from a busy life filled with reasons to get up and out of the home. | |
Undertaking physical activity is a responsibility, like a job, and gives a sense of purpose | ||
Self-identity, self-esteem / confidence, and personal development | ||
Self-belief, personal satisfaction, and feelings of mastery in overcoming physical activity challenges | ||
Being busy, having a reason and purpose to leave the house | ||
Taking control over physical activity decisions | ||
Belonging, togetherness | Physical activity creates and strengthens feelings of togetherness, community, and belonging Physical activity provides access to social contact with others, leading to a sense of togetherness, of community, and of belonging to a group. Identifying as a member of a group in this way enhances self-esteem. The structural and functional support, and intimate or sexual relationships associated with shared physical activity further add to feelings of being needed by others. However family concerns and self-comparisons within social networks may impact negatively on physical activity behaviour. | |
Meeting people socially brings companionship and support | [22, 23, 36, 38, 41, 42, 46, 49,50,51, 53, 55, 56, 58,59,60,61, 63,64,65, 67,68,69] | |
Facilitation of intimate and romantic relationships through physical activity | ||
Competitiveness and fear of others being better | ||
Social and family network inhibiting PA, lack of encouragement, differing views between spouses | ||
Physical health benefits | [22, 23, 39, 40, 44,45,46, 49, 56, 58,59,60,61, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69, 71] | Physical activity effects on physical, emotional, and cognitive health Health benefits of physical activity are widely accepted and for older adults the value of physical activity in contributing to positive wellbeing through enjoyment, laughter, and pleasure is important. Moreover, older adults are aware of the overlap in physical activity, “getting out and about”, and social contact and the positive effects of these on their mental health. Cognitive functions such as maintaining an “active mind” were also felt to be important benefits of an active lifestyle, alongside an appreciation of enriching and aesthetic components of activity including music and nature. |
Pleasure, humour, happiness, fun, self-gratification, mental health benefits, wellbeing | ||
Maintaining an active brain, mental stimulation | ||
Nature, environment, outdoor activity | ||
Music, aesthetics, utilising cultural capital developed over lifetime | [41] | |
Practical barriers (access, facilities, cost, time limitation, weather) and practical support to overcome this from family | Barriers to physical activity Older adults experience external and logistical barriers to physical activity however these may be overcome with support from others including family. Internal barriers, such as fear of injury and pain, also exist for many and support from respected healthcare professionals can be helpful. | |
Fear of injury, pain, safety, health limitations | [22, 23, 40, 44, 48, 50, 53, 58,59,60,61, 64,65,66, 68, 69, 72, 89] | |
Healthcare professionals |