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Table 5 Factors associated with DEPRESSION and ANXIETY in multivariate ordered logistic regression

From: Depression and anxiety symptoms in cardiac patients: a cross-sectional hospital-based study in a Palestinian population

Variable

Depression (CDS)

Anxiety (DASS-anxiety)

OR

95% CI

P value

OR

95% CI

P value

Socio-demographic factors

 Age, mean (SD)

0.99

(0.98–1.00)

0.393

0.96

(0.95–0.99)

< 0.001

 Gender

  Female

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Male

0.83

(0.51–1.36)

0.469

0.68

(0.43–1.10)

0.117

 Marital status

  Married

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Not married

0.38

(0.22–0.65)

0.001

1.28

(0.76–2.13)

0.350

 Residence

  City

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Village

1.22

(0.91–1.64)

0.191

0.74

(0.54–1.00)

0.054

  Camp

1.35

(0.76–2.40)

0.308

0.56

(0.31–1.01)

0.054

 Education degree

  No HS diploma

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  HS diploma

1.15

(0.82–1.62)

0.421

0.93

(0.65–1.31)

0.666

  College degree

1.19

(0.76–1.87)

0.449

1.09

(0.68–1.76)

0.715

 Occupation

  Professional

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Non-professional

0.85

(0.55–1.31)

0.472

1.15

(0.73–1.81)

0.544

  Unemployed

1.12

(0.67–1.88)

0.662

0.89

(0.54–1.48)

0.660

  Retired

0.71

(0.38–1.33)

0.289

1.44

(0.75–2.73)

0.269

  House wife

0.33

(0.14–0.80)

0.014

0.65

(0.27–1.56)

0.335

Clinical Factors

 Cardiac diagnosis

  CAD

0.89

(0.63–1.25)

0.508

0.75

(0.53–1.07)

0.111

  MI

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Angina

1.26

(0.83–1.92)

0.271

0.54

(0.35–0.86)

0.009

  Other

0.82

(0.49–1.37)

0.440

1.23

(0.76–1.99)

0.407

 Previous cardiac diagnosis

  Yes

0.67

(0.47–0.96)

0.028

1.52

(1.05–2.21)

0.026

  No

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

 Years with cardiac disease

  ≤ 1 year

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  2–9 years

1.46

(1.00–2.13)

0.048

1.10

(0.76–1.59)

0.663

  ≥ 10 years

1.71

(1.06–2.75)

0.028

0.95

(0.60–1.50)

0.832

 Cardiac treatment (at admission)

  CATH/stent

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  CATH/CABG

1.42

(0.98–2.04)

0.065

0.89

(0.62–1.29)

0.558

  CATH/other & unknown

1.34

(0.95–1.89)

0.097

1.44

(1.02–2.04)

0.036

 Co-morbidities

  None

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  1

0.93

(0.64–1.34)

0.695

0.96

(0.65–1.43)

0.860

  2+

1.39

(0.94–2.04)

0.096

1.36

(0.92–2.01)

0.127

 Medications

  None

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  1–2

1.33

(0.78–2.29)

0.293

1.20

(0.68–2.10)

0.521

  3–4

1.19

(0.74–1.92)

0.470

1.31

(0.79–2.18)

0.299

 Somatic symptoms (PHQ-15)

  Minimal

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Low

1.18

(0.72–1.94)

0.506

1.41

(0.74–2.72)

0.296

  Medium

1.86

(1.12–3.08)

0.015

3.35

(1.76–6.35)

< 0.001

  High

3.00

(1.73–5.18)

< 0.001

7.64

(3.96–14.78)

< 0.001

 Family history

  Yes

1.03

(0.77–1.38)

0.824

0.76

(0.57–1.03)

0.075

  No

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

 QoL, (SF-12-PCS score)

0.98

(0.97–1.00)

0.015

0.97

(0.96–0.99)

< 0.001

Psychosocial factors

 PTSD (PTSD-PCL-S)

  Minimal

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Some

1.32

(0.83–2.10)

0.247

2.34

(1.47–3.71)

< 0.001

  Moderate

1.87

(1.29–2.71)

0.001

3.01

(2.12–4.27)

< 0.001

  High

1.28

(0.00)

0.974

7.37

(3.89–14.0)

< 0.001

 Social support (ESSI)

  Low

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  High

0.71

(0.52–0.97)

0.032

0.74

(0.54–1.00)

0.049

 Resilience (RS-14)

  Very low

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Low

1.05

(0.49–2.25)

0.896

0.76

(0.41–1.41)

0.381

  Low-end

0.78

(0.39–1.56)

0.479

0.43

(0.25–0.77)

0.004

  Moderate

0.60

(0.30–1.21)

0.154

0.37

(0.20–0.66)

0.001

  Moderately-high

0.48

(0.23–0.98)

0.044

0.19

(0.10–0.36)

< 0.001

  High

0.42

(0.18–0.94)

0.035

0.22

(0.11–0.48)

< 0.001

 Self-esteem (SE) score

0.97

(0.85–1.10)

0.640

0.85

(0.76–0.96)

0.007

 QoL,(SF-12-MCS score)

0.96

(0.95–0.97)

< 0.001

0.98

(0.97–0.99)

< 0.001

Lifestyle factors

 Smoking status

  Never

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Former

1.87

(1.17–2.97)

0.008

0.71

(0.44–1.14)

0.154

  Current

1.61

(1.11–2.33)

0.013

1.37

(0.93–2.02)

0.106

 Currently on diet

  Yes

0.59

(0.40–0.86)

0.007

1.45

(0.98–2.13)

0.060

  No

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

 Fat consumption

  Low

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Medium

0.73

(0.53–1.00)

0.054

1.09

(0.79–1.51)

0.583

  High

0.79

(0.55–1.14)

0.206

1.28

(0.88–1.86)

0.187

 Vegetable & fruit consumption

  Low

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Medium

0.83

(0.50–1.37)

0.466

0.52

(0.31–0.86)

0.011

  High

0.73

(0.45–1.19)

0.207

0.80

(0.49–1.30)

0.375

 Alcohol use

  Yes

1.31

(0.66–2.61)

0.439

1.19

(0.63–2.24)

0.591

  No

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

 Physical activity

  None

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Not daily

0.64

(0.42–0.98)

0.040

0.57

(0.37–0.87)

0.009

  Daily

0.43

(0.30–0.60)

< 0.001

0.98

(0.70–1.38)

0.908

 BMI

  Underweight

0.63

(0.05–7.7)

0.720

2.09

(0.22–19.9)

0.522

  Normal weight

(reference)

  

(reference)

  

  Overweight

0.81

(0.55–1.18)

0.272

0.61

(0.42–0.89)

0.010

  Obese

0.95

(0.63–1.43)

0.824

0.87

(0.59–1.29)

0.495

  1. Note. Multivariate ordered logistic regression reported for socio-demographic, clinical, psychosocial and lifestyle factors associated with depression, CDS (not depressed; mild-moderate depression; severely-very severe depression) and DASS-anxiety (no anxiety, mild-moderate anxiety; severe-very severe anxiety). Analyses were performed in two separate models for depression and anxiety, mutually adjusting for all factors in the four predictor blocks in both models. Analyses are also adjusted for the hospital to which patients were admitted. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence Interval, SD Standard deviation, HS High school, MI Myocardial infarction, CAD Coronary artery disease, CATH Catheterization, CABG Coronary artery bypass graft, PHQ-15 Patient health questionnaire-15, PCS Physical component summary, PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD-PCL-S Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist, ESSI ENRICHD social support instrument, RS-14 Resilience scale-14, MCS Mental component summary, BMI Body mass index; P values in bold are significant at p < 0.05
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BMC Public Health

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