Table 3 Summary of association between health-related determinants of PA and cardio metabolic health outcome

Physical activity

Chew et al. (2016) [40]

Abdominal obesity

Normal WC vs.AO

4170 ± 4122 vs. 4021 ± 4199

p = 0.666

Rezali et al. (2012) [42]

Body weight status

UW vs. NW vs. OW &Obese (Mean ± SD)

1.06 ± 0.31 vs. 1.27 ± 0.31 vs. 1.58 ± 0.33

p < 0.01

BMI (z-score)

Non OW vs. OW & obese

Beta=5.34

p < 0.05

Su et al. (2014) [29]

BMI (kg/m2)

OR=−0.058

p < 0.05

WC (cm)

OR=−0.069

p <0.05

Body fat (%)

OR=−0.088

p < 0.05

Zalilah et al. (2006) [38]

Body weight status

UW vs. NW vs. OW (Mean ± SE)

♀ 490 ± 17.7 vs. 559 ± 13.6 vs. 689 ± 13.6

♂715 ± 28.7 vs. 763 ± 3.9 vs. 1,059 ± 26.1

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Farah Wahida et al. (2011)

[31]

BMI (kg/m²)

r=-0.03

p = NS

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Weight status

Low (<1.5 h) vs. High (≥1.5 h)(ref) OR(95%CI)

♂ OR = 3.0 (1.1 – 8.1) ♀ OR = 1.7( 0.6 – 5.0)

p = 0.029

p = 0.302

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Waist circumference (cm)

Low (<1.5 h) vs. High (≥1.5 h)(Mean, 95%, CI)

♂ 69.7 (67.4 - 71.9) vs. 67.9 (65.7-70.0)

♀ 65.7 (64.4- 67.0) vs. 64.6 (62.4-66.7)

p = 0.263

p = 0.370

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Body Fat (%)

Low (<1.5 h)vs High (≥1.5 h)( mean, 95%, CI)

♂ 20.0 (18.2 - 21.9) vs. 15.9 (14.2-17.7)

♀ 32.6 (31.5 - 33.6) vs. 31.3 (29.6 - 33.0)

p = 0.002

p =0.219

Baharudin et al. (2014) [36]

BMI (z-score)

Physical inactivity NW (ref)

UW(OR=1.2, 95% CI 1.06 -1.31)

OW (OR=1.1 , 95% CI 0.99 -1.18)

Obese(OR=1.2 ,95% CI 1.11-1.37)

p = 0.003

p < 0.077

p < 0.001

Physical activity intensity

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Weight status

Low (<1 h) vs. High (≥1 h) (ref) OR(95%CI) ♂ OR=3.8 (1.4–10.1)

♀ OR=2.3 (0.7–7.8)

p = 0.008

p = 0.198

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Waist circumference (cm)

Low (<1 h) vs. High (≥1 h) ( Mean, 95%, CI)

♂ 70.2 (67.8- 72.6) vs. 67.6 (65.6- 69.7)

♀ 65.9 (64.6- 67.1) vs. 63.5 (61.1- 66.0)

p= 0.120

p=0.103

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Body Fat (%)

Low (<1 h) vs. High (≥1 h) (Mean, 95%, CI)

♂ 20.7 (18.7-22.6) vs. 15.8 (14.2-17.5)

♀32.5 (31.5-33.5) vs. 31.2 (29.2-33.2)

p =0.0001

p = 0.267

Chew et al. (2016) [40]

Abdominal obesity

Normal WC vs.AO

High 54% vs. 52.3%

Moderate 31% vs. 30.2%

Low 12.9% vs. 17.4%

p = 0.492

Rezali et al. (2012) [42]

Body weight status

Non-OW vs. OW & obese (%)

Sedentary: 93.5 vs. 6.5

Light: 70.1 vs. 29.9

Moderately/vigorously: 38.9 vs. 61.1

p < 0.01

Zalilah et al. (2006) [38]

Body weight status

(light) UW vs. NW vs. OW (Mean ± SE)

♀1,156 ± 9.4 vs. 1,147 ± 7.2 vs. 1,148 ± 7.2

♂1,163 ± 9.4) vs. 1,180 ± 7.8 vs. 1,157 ± 8.6

p = NS

p = NS

(Moderate) UW vs. NW vs. OW (Mean ± SE)

♀ 245±8.2 vs. 252 ±6.3 vs. 251±6.3

♂ 207± 8.0 vs. 205±6.7 vs. 218 ±7.3

p = NS

p = NS

(High) UW vs. NW vs. OW (Mean ± SE)

♀ 40 ± 3.7 vs. 41 ± 2.8 vs. 41±2.8

♂ 69 ± 4.8 vs. 55 ± 4.0 vs. 65±4.4

p = NS

p = NS

Dan et al. (2011) [45]

BMI (z-score)

Low vs. Moderate/High n (%)

UW: 10 (34.5) vs.19 (65.5)

NW: 100 (35.7) vs. 180 (64.3)

OW 32 (35.2) vs. 59 (64.8) r=-0.043

p = NS

Sedentary behaviour

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Weight status

High (<3.5 h) vs. Low (≥3.5 (ref) OR (95%CI)

♂ 2.4 (0.9–6.3)

♀ 2.8 (1.0–7.5)

p = 0.06

p = 0.04

Cheah et al. (2011) [41]

BMI (z-score)

Normal vs. High

10.364 ± 5.44 vs. 10.66 ± 5.34

p = 0.729