Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Zalilah et al. (2006) [38]

NR

618

(♂ ♀)

13.1 ± 0.7

Malay, Chinese

Indian

NR

(Mean ± SD) ♂ RM 1,002 ± 940

♀ RM 1,082 ± 1,123

3DD

3DD

Body weight status

Ethnicity, household income

Majid et al.(2016) [30]^a

Kuala Lumpur, ,Selangor, Perak/ Urban &rural

794

(♂ ♀)

12.9 ± 0.3

Malay, Chinese

Indian, Other

Secondary :66%

49 % low SES

7DH

BMI (kg/m²)

NR

Loh et al. (2017) [33]

Kuala Lumpur /Urban

873

(♂ ♀)

13^a

Malay, Chinese

Indian, Other

Secondary:61.4 %

NR

OQ (CNQ)

WC, TG, HDL

LDL, SB

DB. FBG Insulin

Sex, ethnicity, maternal education, PGS, physical activity, BMI, child nutrition questionnaire scores

Nurul-Fadhilah et al.(2013)

[34]

Kota Bharu

in Kelantan/Urban

236

(♂ ♀)

15.3 ± 1.9

Malay

NR

(Mean ± SD)

RM 2,191±2,553

FFQ

BMI (z score),

WC, Body Fat (%), Body weight

Age, household income, PGS, eating out, snacking, energy intake, PA

Chew et al. (2016) [40]

Hulu Langat

in Selangor/ NR

832

(♂ ♀)

Median(IQR)

16 (15,16)

Malay, Chinese

Indian, Other

Secondary: 59%

RM 2,001-5,000 (41%)

FFQ

IPAQ

Abdominal obesity

Sex, ethnicity, BMI

Pon et al. (2004) [39]

Teluk Intan

in Perak/ Rural

100

(♀)

14.8 ± 1.2

Malay, Chinese,

Indian

NW: primary:44%

OW: secondary 48%

NW: RM 501-1000 (40%)

OW: < RM 500 (36%)

FFQ/

1*24R

Body weight status

NR

Chin & Nasir (2009) [35]

Kuatan

in Pahang/ / NR

407

(♀)

15.3 ± 1.9

Malay, Chinese

Indian, Other

Secondary:57.0 %

(Mean ± SD) RM 3,266 ± 2,566

OQ

(EBQ)

Body weight status

NR

Rezali et al. (2012) [42]

Kajang

In Selangor/ Urban

382

(♂ ♀)

14.0 ± 0.8

Malay, Chinese

Indian

NR

NR

2DD

2DD

BMI (z-score),

Body weight status

Physical activity, body image

Boon et al. (2012) [43]

Kuala Lumpur/

Urban

156

(♂ ♀)

14.1 ± 0.8

Malay, Chinese, Indian

NR

RM 2,000-5,999 (57%)

1*24R

BMI (kg/m2),body weight status

NR

Cheah et al. (2011) [41]

Kuching

in Sarawak/ NR

316

(♂ ♀)

Range:

13-17

Malay, Chinese

Indian, Other

Secondary: 63.9 %

(Mean ± SD)

RM 3,653 ± 3,740

FFQ

Media time

BMI (z-score)

NR

Cynthia et al.2013 [44]

Puchong

in Selangor/ Urban

408

(♂ ♀)

13.2 ± 0.3

Malay, Chinese

Indian, Other

Secondary: 56 %

41.9% < RM 3999

OQ

(PESQ)

Body weight status

BMI (kgm2)

Sex, ethnicity, household income, total energy intake

Marzuki et al.(1991) [46]

NR/ NR

110

(♂)

Range:

16-17

Malay

NR

NR

1*24R

TG, TC, HDL, LDL

NR

Baharudin et al. (2014) [36]

NR / NR

40011

(♂ ♀)

13.4 ± 2.2

NR

NR

NR

PAQ-C

BMI (z-score)

Age, sex, BMI, breakfast intake,school session

Su et al. (2014) [29]^a

Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Perak/ Urban &rural

1327

(♂ ♀)

12.9 ± 0.3

Malay, Chinese,

Indian, Other

NR

NR

PAQ-C

BMI (kg/m2), WC,

Body fat (%)

Age, sex, ethnicity, place of residence

Teo et al. (2014) [37]

Kota Bharu

in Kelantan/ NR

454

(♂ ♀)

15.3 ± 1.9

Malay, Chinese

NR

NR

PAQ-C

Weight status, waist circumference, % body fat

Age, PGS, ethnicity, SES, total energy intakes, fat density intakes , total SB levels (h/day)

Farah Wahida et al.(2011)

[31]

Kuantan

in Pahang/ NR

360

(♂ ♀)

13.2 ± 0.3

Malay, Chinese, Indian, Other

50.6 % Secondary

NR

PAQ-C

BMI

NR

Dan et al. (2011) [45]

Kuantan

in Pahang/ NR

400

(♂ ♀)

13.23 ± 0.31

Malay, Chinese

Indian

12.29 ± 3.39 (Mean± SD)years of education

38.5 %> RM 3000

PAQ-C

BMI (z-score)

NR