Table 4 Adjusted associations of risk factors with a child being stunted at different levels of a hierarchical model (the number of missing values has been subtracted from the total N of 749)
Variables | Distal Model PR (CI 95%b) N = 631 | p-value | Intermediate Model PR (CI 95%) N = 649 | p-value | Proximal Model PR (CI 95%) N = 585 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s place of birth | ||||||
Luanda Province | 1.00 | |||||
Another Province | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 0.946 | – | – | – | – |
Mother’s education level (years of school) | ||||||
5 years or more | 1.00 | |||||
1 to 4 years | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 0.421 | – | – | – | – |
Mother’s occupation | ||||||
Self-employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Housewife | 0.90 (0.70–1.14) | 0.379 | 0.94 (0.72–1.21) | 0.608 | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 0.325 |
Other | 0.63 (0.41–0.97) | 0.037 | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.014 | 0.67 (0.44–1.04) | 0.076 |
Family socioeconomic score | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.416 | – | – | – | – |
Mother’s age (years) | – | – | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.432 | – | – |
Garbage disposal | ||||||
Collected by the city | 1.00 | |||||
Not collected | – | – | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | 0.529 | – | – |
Presence of mosquito nets (as observed) | – | – | ||||
No | – | – | 1.00 | |||
Yes | – | – | 1.00 (0.79–1.25) | 0.981 | – | – |
Presence of hypochloryte | ||||||
No | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | |
Yes | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 0.384 | ||||
Child’s main caregiver | ||||||
Mother | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Another person | – | – | 1.42 (1.10–1.84) | 0.007 | 1.19 (0.90–1.58) | 0.228 |
Number of people in the household | – | – | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.393 | – | – |
Occurrence of death of other children | ||||||
No | – | – | 1.00 | |||
Yes | – | – | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) | 0.313 | – | – |
Gestational age at the onset of prenatal care (in months) | – | – | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) | 0.199 | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 0.099 |
Number of prenatal visits | – | – | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.602 | – | – |
Place of delivery | ||||||
At home | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
At the health service | – | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.093 | 0.84 (0.64–1.12) | 0.216 | |
Child’s age (in months) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.742 | ||||
Child’s sex | ||||||
Male | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | |
Female | – | – | – | 1.16 (0.91–1.47) | 0.233 | |
Birth weight | ||||||
< 2500 g | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | |
> =2500 g | – | – | – | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.167 | |
Breastfeeding under 24 months | ||||||
No | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | 0.317 | ||||
Up to date weigth monitoring of the child | ||||||
No | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | |
Yes | – | – | – | – | 1.01 (1.76–1.34) | 0.951 |
Child with diarrhea in the last 15 days | ||||||
No | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.39 (1.07–1.87) | 0.015 | ||||
Child with fever in the last 15 days | ||||||
No | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | |
Yes | – | – | – | – | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.619 |