Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants
Characteristic | All | Improved Functional Ability |
|---|---|---|
n = 4149 | n = 811 (19.5%) | |
Gender, n (%) | ||
 Men | 1937 | 346 (17.9) |
 Women | 2212 | 465 (21.0) |
Education (years), n (%) | ||
 ≤9 | 2227 | 441 (19.8) |
 10–12 | 945 | 172 (18.2) |
 13+ | 460 | 100 (21.7) |
 Unknown | 517 | 98 (19.0) |
Income (quartiles), n (%) | ||
 Q1 (lowest) | 739 | 142 (19.2) |
 Q2 | 740 | 139 (18.8) |
 Q3 | 640 | 109 (17.0) |
 Q4 (highest) | 701 | 151 (21.5) |
 Unknown | 1329 | 270 (20.3) |
Occupation, n (%) | ||
 Manual | 1551 | 316 (20.4) |
 Non-manual | 1145 | 219 (19.1) |
 Unknown | 1453 | 276 (19.0) |
Marital status, n (%)a | ||
 Single/divorced/widowed | 1454 | 319 (21.9) |
 Married/cohabiting | 2330 | 424 (18.2) |
 Unknown | 365 | 68 (18.6) |
Living alone, n (%) | ||
 N | 3281 | 635 (19.4) |
 Y | 490 | 103 (21.0) |
 Unknown | 378 | 73 (19.3) |
Comorbidity, n (%)b | ||
 0 | 1029 | 219 (21.3) |
 ≥1 | 2408 | 474 (19.7) |
 Unknown | 712 | 118 (16.6) |
Depressive symptoms, n (%) | ||
 N | 1605 | 314 (19.6) |
 Y | 1427 | 263 (18.4) |
 Unknown | 1117 | 234 (20.9) |
Disability group, n (%)c | ||
 Mild (requiring LTC-1) | 1653 | 194 (11.7) |
 Moderate (requiring LTC-2/3) | 1605 | 391 (24.4) |
 Severe (requiring LTC-4/5) | 891 | 226 (25.4) |