Variable
|
Clean Fuel Use (n = 3282, 34%)
|
Cooking in separate kitchen (n = 4229, 55.5%)
|
No Indoor Smoking (n = 5992, 56.9%)
|
No Indoor Air Pollution (n = 1705, 17.0%)
|
---|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
|
---|
a Sex of house hold head
|
Male
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Female
|
1.06 (0.93, 1.20)
|
1.85 (1.52, 2.26)
|
0.96 (0.85, 1.10)
|
1.54 (1.32, 1.79)
|
1.53 (1.38, 1.68)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.84)
|
1.04 (0.90, 1.21)
|
2.18 (1.79, 2.65)
|
b Age of household head
|
15–24
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
25–34
|
0.64 (0.47, 0.85)
|
0.58 (0.42, 0.81)
|
1.97 (1.45, 2.67)
|
2.26 (1.65, 3.07)
|
0.78 (0.59, 1.03)
|
0.93 (0.71, 1.23)
|
1.25 (0.94, 1.67)
|
1.59 (1.07, 2.37)
|
35–44
|
0.49 (0.36, 0.66)
|
0.44 (0.31, 0.62)
|
2.98 (2.16, 4.11)
|
3.78 (2.74, 5.21)
|
0.66 (0.50, 0.87)
|
0.88 (0.67, 1.15)
|
1.37 (1.02, 1.84)
|
2.12 (1.44, 3.12)
|
45–54
|
0.45 (0.33, 0.62)
|
0.45 (0.32, 0.63)
|
3.51 (2.57, 4.79)
|
5.03 (3.68, 6.87)
|
0.41 (0.31, 0.54)
|
0.57 (0.42, 0.77)
|
1.25 (0.91, 1.70)
|
2.10 (1.33, 3.32)
|
55–64
|
0.33 (0.24, 0.46)
|
0.42 (0.29, 0.62)
|
2.79 (1.99, 3.91)
|
4.85 (3.43, 6.86)
|
0.38 (0.28, 0.50)
|
0.61 (0.45, 0.82)
|
0.99 (0.69, 1.44)
|
2.37 (1.48, 3.80)
|
> =65
|
0.32 (0.22, 0.45)
|
0.55 (0.36, 0.83)
|
2.87 (2.02, 4.08)
|
5.91 (4.10, 8.52)
|
0.40 (0.30, 0.54)
|
0.70 (0.52, 0.95)
|
1.04 (0.71, 1.54)
|
3.50 (2.13, 5.76)
|
c Education level of household head
|
No education, preschool
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Primary (Grade 1–5)
|
1.96 (1.69, 2.28)
|
2.08 (1.69, 2.55)
|
1.43 (1.23, 1.67)
|
1.81 (1.51, 2.17)
|
0.99 (0.88, 1.12)
|
0.96 (0.85, 1.09)
|
1.68 (1.39, 2.03)
|
1.80 (1.42, 2.28)
|
Secondary (Grade 5–10)
|
4.71 (4.06, 5.46)
|
3.01 (2.35, 3.86)
|
2.10 (1.81, 2.45)
|
2.54 (2.11, 3.05)
|
1.88 (1.65, 2.15)
|
1.45 (1.24, 1.69)
|
4.43 (3.61, 5.44)
|
3.30 (2.52, 4.32)
|
Higher (Above grade 10)
|
15.77 (12.31, 20.19)
|
6.61 (4.75, 9.18)
|
2.09 (1.59, 2.76)
|
2.39 (1.84, 3.11)
|
4.43 (3.67, 5.35)
|
2.87 (2.32, 3.54)
|
10.83 (8.45, 13.88)
|
6.13 (4.64, 8.11)
|
d Wealth
|
Quintile 5
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Quintile 4
|
0.39 (0.30, 0.50)
|
0.42 (0.33, 0.54)
|
0.20 (0.15, 0.28)
|
0.26 (0.18, 0.36)
|
0.78 (0.67, 0.92)
|
0.80 (0.69, 0.93)
|
0.28 (0.22, 0.35)
|
0.33 (0.26, 0.42)
|
Quintile 3
|
0.09 (0.07, 0.13)
|
0.11 (0.08, 0.15)
|
0.22 (0.17, 0.29)
|
0.29 (0.21, 0.39)
|
0.54 (0.44, 0.67)
|
0.61 (0.50, 0.74)
|
0.09 (0.07, 0.12)
|
0.12 (0.09, 0.15)
|
Quintile 2
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
|
0.26 (0.20, 0.35)
|
0.34 (0.25, 0.48)
|
0.36 (0.29, 0.45)
|
0.44 (0.35, 0.55)
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.02)
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
|
Quintile 1
|
0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
|
0.00 (0.00, 0.01)
|
0.13 (0.10, 0.18)
|
0.19 (0.14, 0.26)
|
0.23 (0.18, 0.28)
|
0.28 (0.22, 0.35)
|
0.00 (0.00, 0.00)
|
0.00 (0.00, 0.01)
|
e Residency
|
Urban
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Rural
|
0.15 (0.10, 0.22)
|
0.03 (0.02, 0.05)
|
0.62 (0.49, 0.77)
|
0.67 (0.53, 0.84)
|
0.76 (0.63, 0.91)
|
0.88 (0.74, 1.05)
|
0.23 (0.16, 0.33)
|
0.20 (0.15, 0.27)
|
e Provinces
|
Province 1
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Province 2
|
0.44 (0.27, 0.73)
|
0.26 (0.15, 0.44)
|
0.35 (0.24, 0.51)
|
0.27 (0.18, 0.41)
|
1.14 (0.83, 1.58)
|
1.12 (0.81, 1.53)
|
0.46 (0.28, 0.74)
|
0.35 (0.22, 0.53)
|
Province 3
|
3.74 (2.29, 6.09)
|
5.20 (3.22, 8.42)
|
0.64 (0.45, 0.91)
|
0.49 (0.34, 0.72)
|
0.83 (0.61, 1.11)
|
0.63 (0.49, 0.82)
|
1.42 (0.95, 2.14)
|
0.86 (0.61, 1.22)
|
Province 4
|
1.65 (1.02, 2.66)
|
2.21 (1.37, 3.58)
|
0.99 (0.70, 1.40)
|
0.85 (0.59, 1.22)
|
1.08 (0.81, 1.43)
|
1.03 (0.78, 1.36)
|
1.25 (0.83, 1.86)
|
1.22 (0.85, 1.76)
|
Province 5
|
1.26 (0.76, 2.09)
|
1.19 (0.69, 2.05)
|
0.85 (0.58, 1.24)
|
0.75 (0.48, 1.17)
|
1.24 (0.93, 1.66)
|
1.19 (0.92, 1.53)
|
1.08 (0.68, 1.71)
|
0.92 (0.63, 1.35)
|
Province 6
|
0.28 (0.16, 0.48)
|
1.37 (0.81, 2.34)
|
0.78 (0.53, 1.16)
|
1.43 (0.91, 2.22)
|
0.36 (0.25, 0.51)
|
0.46 (0.33, 0.65)
|
0.22 (0.13, 0.38)
|
0.94 (0.62, 1.41)
|
Province 7
|
0.49 (0.27, 0.91)
|
0.78 (0.44, 1.41)
|
0.79 (0.54, 1.14)
|
1.12 (0.77, 1.65)
|
0.54 (0.39, 0.75)
|
0.59 (0.43, 0.79)
|
0.40 (0.20, 0.82)
|
0.61 (0.34, 1.08)
|
e Developmental region
|
Eastern
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Central
|
2.64 (1.70, 4.11)
|
2.62 (1.59, 4.30)
|
0.62 (0.45, 0.85)
|
0.48 (0.33, 0.68)
|
1.06 (0.83, 1.36)
|
0.90 (0.71, 1.14)
|
1.39 (0.95, 2.04)
|
0.99 (0.69, 1.42)
|
Western
|
2.07 (1.33, 3.23)
|
2.18 (1.34, 3.54)
|
0.99 (0.71, 1.38)
|
0.78 (0.54, 1.12)
|
1.42 (1.12, 1.79)
|
1.31 (1.05, 1.63)
|
1.66 (1.11, 2.47)
|
1.41 (0.98, 2.03)
|
Mid-western
|
0.77 (0.46, 1.27)
|
2.47 (1.37, 4.43)
|
0.97 (0.68, 1.38)
|
1.45 (0.94, 2.23)
|
0.61 (0.47, 0.78)
|
0.73 (0.57, 0.94)
|
0.59 (0.37, 0.96)
|
1.46 (0.92, 2.32)
|
Far-western
|
0.64 (0.35, 1.16)
|
1.19 (0.67, 2.12)
|
0.88 (0.61, 1.27)
|
1.26 (0.87, 1.84)
|
0.58 (0.43, 0.78)
|
0.64 (0.48, 0.84)
|
0.51 (0.25, 1.03)
|
0.85 (0.47, 1.53)
|
e Ecological region
|
Mountain
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Hill
|
4.11 (1.47, 11.49)
|
2.17 (0.86, 5.47)
|
1.03 (0.70, 1.50)
|
0.74 (0.50, 1.10)
|
2.19 (1.59, 3.02)
|
1.73 (1.33, 2.25)
|
3.77 (1.48, 9.61)
|
1.44 (0.78, 2.67)
|
Terai
|
3.08 (1.15, 8.27)
|
0.61 (0.24, 1.54)
|
0.92 (0.62, 1.38)
|
0.56 (0.36, 0.85)
|
3.18 (2.33, 4.34)
|
2.35 (1.79, 3.07)
|
4.44 (1.77, 11.10)
|
1.24 (0.66, 2.31)
|
e Eco-developmental region
|
Central hill
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Reference
|
Eastern mountain
|
0.05 (0.01, 0.20)
|
0.18 (0.04–0.75)
|
1.74 (0.88, 3.42)
|
4.15 (1.84, 9.37)
|
0.57 (0.40, 0.83)
|
1.08 (0.78, 1.50)
|
0.13 (0.03, 0.54)
|
1.12 (0.33, 3.77)
|
Central mountain
|
0.17 (0.03, 0.91)
|
0.37 (0.09–1.49)
|
0.61 (0.30, 1.26)
|
0.92 (0.51, 1.64)
|
0.39 (0.18, 0.86)
|
0.57 (0.33, 0.96)
|
0.29 (0.07, 1.18)
|
0.88 (0.46, 1.68)
|
Western mountain
|
0.04 (0.01, 0.18)
|
0.09 (0.02–0.43)
|
1.27 (0.77, 2.10)
|
3.36 (2.02, 5.59)
|
0.35 (0.23, 0.52)
|
0.58 (0.40, 0.82)
|
0.09 (0.02, 0.37)
|
0.42 (0.13, 1.40)
|
Eastern hill
|
0.03 (0.01, 0.08)
|
0.08 (0.04–0.19)
|
0.96 (0.58, 1.60)
|
2.09 (1.22, 3.58)
|
0.68 (0.41, 1.12)
|
1.24 (0.76, 2.02)
|
0.11 (0.05, 0.29)
|
0.82 (0.35, 1.90)
|
Western hill
|
0.28 (0.17, 0.46)
|
0.29 (0.18–0.46)
|
1.54 (1.10, 2.15)
|
1.95 (1.42, 2.69)
|
1.25 (0.94, 1.66)
|
1.63 (1.23, 2.16)
|
0.69 (0.47, 1.01)
|
1.28 (0.91, 1.80)
|
Mid-western hill
|
0.06 (0.03, 0.10)
|
0.19 (0.11–0.32)
|
1.23 (0.84, 1.79)
|
3.31 (2.26, 4.84)
|
0.60 (0.42, 0.85)
|
1.06 (0.76, 1.47)
|
0.15 (0.08, 0.28)
|
1.13 (0.67, 1.91)
|
Far-western hill
|
0.01 (0.00, 0.03)
|
0.03 (0.01–0.07)
|
0.84 (0.52, 1.36)
|
2.13 (1.35, 3.35)
|
0.53 (0.34, 0.83)
|
1.01 (0.68, 1.51)
|
0.03 (0.01, 0.09)
|
0.28 (0.10, 0.84)
|
Eastern terai
|
0.25 (0.15, 0.42)
|
0.11 (0.06–0.19)
|
1.62 (1.07, 2.44)
|
1.45 (0.92, 2.28)
|
1.33 (0.99, 1.79)
|
1.53 (1.15, 2.02)
|
0.77 (0.50, .17)
|
0.87 (0.59, 1.30)
|
Central terai
|
0.14 (0.08, 0.26)
|
0.08 (0.04–0.14)
|
0.61 (0.42, 0.89)
|
0.66 (0.45, 0.98)
|
1.43 (0.99, 2.06)
|
1.91 (1.36, 2.70)
|
0.47 (0.27, 0.79)
|
0.68 (0.45, 1.04)
|
Western terai
|
0.42 (0.22, 0.82)
|
0.19 (0.09–0.38)
|
1.01 (0.59, 1.71)
|
0.84 (0.49, 1.44)
|
1.95 (1.39, 2.74)
|
2.27 (1.71, 3.02)
|
1.15 (0.67, 1.97)
|
1.19 (0.75, 1.89)
|
Mid-western terai
|
0.29 (0.15, 0.56)
|
0.36 (0.16–0.84)
|
1.40 (0.77, 2.53)
|
2.00 (0.94, 4.25)
|
0.90 (0.63, 1.30)
|
1.21 (0.88, 1.66)
|
0.62 (0.37, 1.06)
|
1.33 (0.76, 2.32)
|
Far-western terai
|
0.22 (0.12, 0.42)
|
0.19 (0.09–0.36)
|
1.74 (1.20, 2.52)
|
2.97 (1.95, 4.52)
|
0.68 (0.44, 1.07)
|
0.83 (0.55, 1.25)
|
0.53 (0.26, 1.11)
|
0.99 (0.53, 1.85)
|
- NA: Could not be estimated due to low cell frequency for that category
- Significant odds ratio are bolded
- aMultivariable model was adjusted for age, education level of the house hold head and household wealth quintiles
- bMultivariable model was adjusted for sex, education level of the house hold head and household wealth quintiles
- cMultivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, and household wealth quintiles
- dMultivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, and education level of the house hold head
- eMultivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, education level of the house hold head and household wealth quintiles