Table 3 Comparison of Illness Perceptions between attendees and non-attendees
Attendance to the second breast screening invitation | Yes | No | Total | Chi-Square testa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Illness Perception | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | χ2 | p-value |
The presence of a lump or thickening in the breast | 3.9 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 4.8 | 0.186 |
Nipple discharge | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.666 |
Sudden nipple retraction | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.509 |
Change in shape or appearance of the nipple | 3.9 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.603 |
Breast swelling, dimpling, redness or soreness of the skin | 3.9 | 0.3 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 0.124 |
Skin changes of the breast | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.509 |
A sudden change in breast size | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.4 | 0.180 |
Aching breasts | 3.6 | 0.6 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.132 |
Stress or worry | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.673 |
Your mental attitude (e.g. thinking about life negatively) | 2.4 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.379 |
Family problems or worries | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.477 |
Overwork | 2.4 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.483 |
Your emotional state (e.g. feeling down, lonely, anxious, empty) | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.167 |
Your personality | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.597 |
Hereditary - it runs in the family | 4.6 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 0.080 |
Diet or eating habits | 3.3 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 7.1 | 0.069 |
Poor medical care in the past | 3.3 | 0.9 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.818 |
Your own behaviour | 2.6 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.164 |
Ageing | 3.0 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.562 |
Smoking | 3.7 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.174 |
Alcohol | 3.5 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.272 |
A germ or virus | 3.1 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.686 |
Pollution in the environment | 3.7 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 6.2 | 0.104 |
Altered immunity | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 0.129 |
Chance or bad luck | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 0.386 |
Accident or injury | 3.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.831 |
Breast cancer will last a short time | 2.7 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 0.286 |
Breast cancer is likely to be permanent rather than temporary | 3.4 | 0.7 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 0.178 |
A patient with breast cancer goes through cycles in which her illness gets better and worse | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 0.394 |
Breast cancer has major consequences on a patient’s life | 4.4 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 6.3 | 0.096 |
Breast cancer will not have much effect on your life | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 0.297 |
Breast cancer would strongly affect the way others see you | 3.4 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.506 |
Breast cancer has serious economic and financial consequences | 3.9 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.587 |
Breast cancer would strongly affect the way you see yourself as a person | 4.1 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.736 |
Breast cancer would threaten a relationship with your husband or partner | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.714 |
If you had breast cancer, your whole life would change | 4.4 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 11.2 | 0.011* |
If you developed breast cancer, the chances of living a long life would decrease | 4.1 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 3.9 | 0.142 |
There is a lot which you can do to control the symptoms if Breast Cancer occurs | 3.9 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.604 |
The course of Breast Cancer will depend on your actions | 4.0 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.691 |
Your actions will have an effect on the outcome of Breast Cancer | 4.0 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.524 |
There is no treatment that will help to improve Breast Cancer | 2.1 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.930 |
The treatment provided will be effective in controlling or curing Breast Cancer | 4.0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.804 |
The negative effects of Breast Cancer can be prevented or avoided by the treatment given | 4.0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.621 |
You have a clear picture and understanding of Breast Cancer | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.722 |
Breast Cancer is a mystery to you | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.860 |
You get anxious when you think about Breast Cancer | 3.6 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 0.359 |
Breast Cancer makes you feel afraid | 4.2 | 0.7 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.523 |
You get worried when you think about Breast Cancer | 4.3 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.504 |