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Table 2 Risk factors for stunting among children 0-59 months, Demographic and Health Survey, Rwanda, 2014-15

From: Risk factors for stunting among children under five years: a cross-sectional population-based study in Rwanda using the 2015 Demographic and Health Survey

Characteristics

Full logistic regression model

Final logistic regression modela

OR (95% CI)

p value

OR (95% CI)

p value

Individual-level factors

Child sex

 Females

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Males

1.61 (1.30–1.99)

< 0.01

1.51 (1.25–1.82)

< 0.01

Child’s age group

 < 6 months

Ref

 

Ref

 

 6–23 months

4.43 (2.74–7.16)

< 0.01

4.91 (3.16–7.62)

< 0.01

 24–59 months

5.40 (3.33–8.76)

< 0.01

6.34 (4.07–9.89)

< 0.01

Child parity - First child

 Yes

Ref

 

 No

1.07 (0.83–1.38)

0.62

 

Child weight at birth

 >  2.5 Kg

Ref

 

Ref

 

 <  2.5 Kg

2.00 (1.24–3.23)

0.01

2.12 (1.39–3.23)

< 0.01

History of diarrhea in two weeks prior to the survey

 No

Ref

 

 Yes

1.14 (0.85–1.52)

0.38

 

Maternal/household factors

   

Mother height (cm)

 ≥145 cm

Ref

 

Ref

 

 < 145 cm

2.81 (1.56–5.08)

< 0.01

3.27 (1.89–5.64)

< 0.01

Mother’s highest educational level

 Secondary or higher

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Primary

1.49 (1.03–2.15)

0.04

1.71 (1.25–2.34)

< 0.01

 No education

1.83 (1.18–2.85)

0.01

2.00 (1.37–2.92)

< 0.01

Intake of parasite drugs for mothers during pregnancy

 Yes

Ref

 

Ref

 

 No

1.31 (1.06–1.61)

0.01

1.29 (1.09–1.53)

< 0.01

Duration of intake of daily iron tablets

or syrup by mothers during pregnancy

 ≥30 days

Ref

 

 0–29 days

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

0.17

 

Breastfeeding within the first hour after birth

 Yes

Ref

 

 No

1.27 (0.96–1.67)

0.09

 

Household wealth index

 High (rich)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Middle

1.36 (1.00–1.85)

0.05

1.45 (1.12–1.86)

< 0.01

 Low (poor)

1.98 (1.49–2.63)

< 0.01

1.82 (1.45–2.29)

< 0.01

Household size (number of household members)

 5 people or less

Ref

 

 > 5

1.01 (0.82–1.25)

0.78

 

Access to improved water at household

 Yes

Ref

 

 No

1.19 (0.94–1.51)

0.15

 

Toilet (Sanitation facility)

 Improved

Ref

 

 Not improved

0.91 (0.72–1.15)

0.44

 

Community level characteristics

   

Province of residence

 Kigali City

Ref

 

Ref

 

 South

1.27 (0.79–2.04)

0.32

1.26 (0.84–1.90)

0.26

 West

1.24 (0.75–2.04)

0.39

1.34 (0.88–2.05)

0.17

 North

1.15 (0.69–1.91)

0.59

1.11 (0.72–1.73)

0.49

 East

1.04 (0.66–1.64)

0.86

1.14 (0.79–1.64)

0.69

Household location - Altitude

 Lowland (< 1641.5 m)

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Highland (≥1641.5 m)

1.22 (0.92–1.63)

0.17

1.29 (0.99–1.67)

0.05

Household type of residence

 Urban

Ref

 

 Rural

1.18 (0.86–1.62)

0.29

  
  1. aSex, province and altitude were forced into the final model regardless of OR results in the full model
  2. Final model excluded variables with p value > 0.10