Table 2 Risk factors for stunting among children 0-59 months, Demographic and Health Survey, Rwanda, 2014-15
| Characteristics | Full logistic regression model | Final logistic regression modela | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Individual-level factors | ||||
| Child sex | ||||
| Females | Ref | Ref | ||
| Males | 1.61 (1.30–1.99) | < 0.01 | 1.51 (1.25–1.82) | < 0.01 |
| Child’s age group | ||||
| < 6 months | Ref | Ref | ||
| 6–23 months | 4.43 (2.74–7.16) | < 0.01 | 4.91 (3.16–7.62) | < 0.01 |
| 24–59 months | 5.40 (3.33–8.76) | < 0.01 | 6.34 (4.07–9.89) | < 0.01 |
| Child parity - First child | ||||
| Yes | Ref | |||
| No | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.62 | ||
| Child weight at birth | ||||
| > 2.5 Kg | Ref | Ref | ||
| < 2.5 Kg | 2.00 (1.24–3.23) | 0.01 | 2.12 (1.39–3.23) | < 0.01 |
| History of diarrhea in two weeks prior to the survey | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.14 (0.85–1.52) | 0.38 | ||
| Maternal/household factors | ||||
| Mother height (cm) | ||||
| ≥145 cm | Ref | Ref | ||
| < 145 cm | 2.81 (1.56–5.08) | < 0.01 | 3.27 (1.89–5.64) | < 0.01 |
| Mother’s highest educational level | ||||
| Secondary or higher | Ref | Ref | ||
| Primary | 1.49 (1.03–2.15) | 0.04 | 1.71 (1.25–2.34) | < 0.01 |
| No education | 1.83 (1.18–2.85) | 0.01 | 2.00 (1.37–2.92) | < 0.01 |
| Intake of parasite drugs for mothers during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
| No | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 0.01 | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | < 0.01 |
|
Duration of intake of daily iron tablets or syrup by mothers during pregnancy | ||||
| ≥30 days | Ref | |||
| 0–29 days | 1.17 (0.93–1.46) | 0.17 | ||
| Breastfeeding within the first hour after birth | ||||
| Yes | Ref | |||
| No | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 0.09 | ||
| Household wealth index | ||||
| High (rich) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Middle | 1.36 (1.00–1.85) | 0.05 | 1.45 (1.12–1.86) | < 0.01 |
| Low (poor) | 1.98 (1.49–2.63) | < 0.01 | 1.82 (1.45–2.29) | < 0.01 |
| Household size (number of household members) | ||||
| 5 people or less | Ref | |||
| > 5 | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 0.78 | ||
| Access to improved water at household | ||||
| Yes | Ref | |||
| No | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) | 0.15 | ||
| Toilet (Sanitation facility) | ||||
| Improved | Ref | |||
| Not improved | 0.91 (0.72–1.15) | 0.44 | ||
| Community level characteristics | ||||
| Province of residence | ||||
| Kigali City | Ref | Ref | ||
| South | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) | 0.32 | 1.26 (0.84–1.90) | 0.26 |
| West | 1.24 (0.75–2.04) | 0.39 | 1.34 (0.88–2.05) | 0.17 |
| North | 1.15 (0.69–1.91) | 0.59 | 1.11 (0.72–1.73) | 0.49 |
| East | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 0.86 | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 0.69 |
| Household location - Altitude | ||||
| Lowland (< 1641.5 m) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Highland (≥1641.5 m) | 1.22 (0.92–1.63) | 0.17 | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 0.05 |
| Household type of residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref | |||
| Rural | 1.18 (0.86–1.62) | 0.29 | ||