Table 1 Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of children 0-59 months, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Rwanda, 2014-15
Characteristics | Total | Â | Stunting | Â | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Yes | No | p value | |||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
Individual-level factors | |||||||
Child sex | |||||||
 Females | 1769 | (49%) | 581 | (33%) | 1188 | (67%) |  |
 Males | 1825 | (51%) | 774 | (42%) | 1051 | (58%) | < 0.01 |
Child’s age group | |||||||
 < 6 months | 332 | (9%) | 35 | (11%) | 297 | (89%) |  |
 6–23 months | 1171 | (33%) | 425 | (36%) | 745 | (64%) | |
 24–59 months | 2091 | (58%) | 894 | (43%) | 1197 | (57%) | < 0.01 |
Child parity - First child | |||||||
 Yes | 995 | (28%) | 345 | (35%) | 650 | (65%) |  |
 No | 2598 | (72%) | 1009 | (39%) | 1589 | (61%) | 0.03 |
Child weight at birth | |||||||
 ≥ 2.5 Kg | 3156 | (95%) | 1131 | (36%) | 2025 | (64%) |  |
 <  2.5 Kg | 173 | (5%) | 94 | (54%) | 79 | (46%) | < 0.01 |
History of diarrhea - two weeks prior to the survey | |||||||
 No | 3131 | (87%) | 1147 | (37%) | 1984 | (63%) |  |
 Yes | 462 | (13%) | 207 | (45%) | 255 | (55%) | < 0.01 |
Maternal/household factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Mother height (cm) | |||||||
 ≥ 145 cm | 3506 | (98%) | 1296 | (37%) | 2210 | (63%) |  |
 < 145 cm | 88 | (2%) | 59 | (67%) | 29 | (33%) | < 0.01 |
Mother’s highest educational level | |||||||
 Secondary/higher | 463 | (13%) | 90 | (19%) | 373 | (81%) |  |
 Primary | 2615 | (73%) | 1021 | (39%) | 1594 | (61%) | |
 No education | 516 | (14%) | 245 | (47%) | 271 | (53%) | < 0.01 |
History of intake of parasite drugs for mothers during pregnancy | |||||||
 Yes | 1374 | (50%) | 449 | (33%) | 925 | (67%) |  |
 No | 1396 | (50%) | 547 | (39%) | 849 | (61%) | < 0.01 |
Duration of intake of daily iron tablets or syrup by mothers during pregnancy | |||||||
 ≥ 30 days | 1532 | (71%) | 531 | (35%) | 1001 | (65%) |  |
 0–29 days | 621 | (29%) | 250 | (40%) | 371 | (60%) | 0.01 |
Breastfeeding within the first hour after birth | |||||||
 Yes | 2839 | (79%) | 1046 | (37%) | 1793 | (63%) |  |
 No | 742 | (21%) | 304 | (41%) | 439 | (59%) | 0.06 |
Household wealth index | |||||||
  High (rich) | 1211 | (34%) | 299 | (25%) | 912 | (75%) |  |
 Middle | 700 | (19%) | 264 | (38%) | 436 | (62%) | |
 Low (Poor) | 1682 | (47%) | 791 | (47%) | 891 | (53%) | < 0.01 |
Number of household members | |||||||
 5 people or less | 2176 | (61%) | 826 | (38%) | 1350 | (62%) |  |
 > 5 | 1417 | (39%) | 529 | (37%) | 888 | (63%) | 0.73 |
Availability of improved water at household | |||||||
 Yes | 2551 | (72%) | 902 | (35%) | 1649 | (65%) |  |
 No | 1014 | (28%) | 444 | (44%) | 570 | (56%) | < 0.01 |
Toilet (Sanitation facility) | |||||||
 Improved | 2603 | (73%) | 945 | (36%) | 1658 | (64%) |  |
 Not improved | 958 | (27%) | 400 | (42%) | 558 | (58%) | < 0.01 |
Community level factors | |||||||
Province of residence | |||||||
 Kigali City | 406 | (11%) | 92 | (23%) | 314 | (77%) |  |
 South | 853 | (24%) | 347 | (41%) | 506 | (59%) | |
 West | 856 | (24%) | 381 | (45%) | 475 | (55%) | |
 North | 500 | (14%) | 194 | (39%) | 306 | (61%) | |
 East | 978 | (27%) | 341 | (35%) | 637 | (65%) | < 0.01 |
Household location - Altitude | |||||||
 Lowland (< 1641.5 m) | 1866 | (52%) | 606 | (32%) | 1260 | (68%) |  |
 Highland (≥1641.5 m) | 1728 | (48%) | 749 | (43%) | 979 | (57%) | < 0.01 |
Household type of residence | |||||||
 Urban | 591 | (16%) | 140 | (24%) | 451 | (76%) |  |
 Rural | 3003 | (84%) | 1215 | (40%) | 1788 | (60%) | < 0.01 |