Table 1 Inclusion Exclusion Criteria

Population

exclusively include analysis relevant to women between 13 and 50 years exposed to open defecation

All other population

Exposure

clear evidence of association between open defecation and its impacts on women’s physical, mental and social health, should include description of open defecation or inappropriate disposal of human excreta

study with no relevant analysis associating open defecation with health and social outcomes, no gender segregation

Place of study

low-income or developing countries (based upon world bank country classification)

developed countries

Setting

rural and remote areas

Urban areas

Time period

no time limit applied

–

Language

English or translated in English

All other languages

Study Design

empirical papers (primary or secondary data analysis), any primary study must consider ethical approval

studies describing original articles published in a peer-reviewed journal

editorials, commentaries, policy documents, case study, opinion pieces