Fig. 3

Insecticide residue concentrations in swab samples from homes treated with the following total release foggers (TRFs): a Hot Shot No-Mess Fogger₂ with Odor Neutralizer, b Hot Shot No-Mess Fogger₃ with Odor Neutralizer, c Raid Max Concentrated Deep Reach Fogger, and d Raid Fumigator. Insecticide residues were measured at baseline, 4 h post-discharge, and 1 month post-TRF intervention. Sites swabbed for insecticide residues included the floor at 0.5 m and 1 m from the TRF discharge site (middle of the kitchen), the nearest countertop to the TRF discharge site, the inside of an upper level cabinet, and the nearest wall to the TRF discharge site at a height of 90 cm from the floor. Error bars represent SEM. Significant differences in insecticide concentrations compared to baseline levels (as determined by Dunnett’s test) are indicated with * (p < 0.1) or ** (p < 0.05)