Table 2 Associations of gender disadvantage and psychosocial buffers with psychological distress among adolescent girls (aged 13–14 years) in north Karnataka, south India, 2014
% of the sample (N = 1191) | Do not have hope for the future | Feeling down, depressed or hopeless past 2 weeks | Suicidal thoughts past 2 weeks | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (N = 1177) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Prevalence (N = 1189) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Prevalence (N = 1169) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Total | 413/1177 (35.1) | 82/1189 (6.9) | 25/1144 (2.1) | |||||||
Gender disadvantage | ||||||||||
Sexual abuse evera | ||||||||||
No | 98.4 | 384/1103 (34.8) | 1.0 | 66/1115 (5.9) | 1.0 | 18/1102 (1.6) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 1.6 | 4/18 (22.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.6) | 0.3 | 1/18 (5.6) | 0.9 (0.1–7.1) | 0.9 | 3/18 (16.7) | 12.0 (3.2–45.3) | < 0.001 |
Recent eve teasing2 | ||||||||||
No | 92.0 | 369/1076 (34.3) | 1.0 | 67/1087 (6.2) | 1.0 | 21/1076 (2.0) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 8.0 | 43/94 (45.7) | 1.6 (1.1–2.5) | 0.027 | 15/95 (15.8) | 2.9 (1.6–5.2) | 0.001 | 4/92 (4.4) | 2.3 (0.8–6.8) | 0.14 |
Harassing/abusive school environment | ||||||||||
No | 95.9 | 395/1128 (35.0) | 1.0 | 71/1140 (6.2) | 1.0 | 23/1121 (2.1) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 4.1 | 18/49 (36.7) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.8 | 11/49 (22.5) | 4.4 (2.1–8.9) | < 0.001 | 2/48 (4.2) | 2.1 (0.5–9.1) | 0.3 |
Started Menstruating3 | ||||||||||
No | 38.5 | 179/448 (40.0) | 1.0 | 0.007 | 27/454 (6.0) | 1.0 | 0.3 | 6/449 (1.3) | 1.0 | 0.13 |
Yes | 61.5 | 232/721 (32.2) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 55/727 (7.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 19/718 (2.7) | 2.0 (0.8–5.1) | |||
Marital status | ||||||||||
Never married | 95.3 | 389/1121 (34.7) | 1.0 | 79/1134 (7.0) | 1.0 | 23/1113 (2.1) | 1.0 | |||
Engaged | 1.1 | 8/13 (61.5) | 3.0 (1.0–9.3) | 0.055 | 1/13 (7.7) | 1.1 (0.1–8.7) | 0.9 | 0/13 (0.0) | – | – |
Married | 3.6 | 16/43 (37.2) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.7 | 2.42 (4.8) | 0.7 (0.2–2.8) | 0.6 | 2/43 (4.7) | 2.3 (0.5–10.1) | 0.3 |
Schooling status | ||||||||||
In school | 84.6 | 342/996 (34.3) | 1.0 | 58/1007 (5.8) | 1.0 | 17/988 (1.7) | 1.0 | |||
Frequently absent | 7.4 | 30/87 (34.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 1.0 | 14/88 (15.9) | 3.1 (1.6–5.8) | < 0.001 | 2/86 (2.3) | 1.4 (0.3–6.0) | 0.7 |
Dropped out | 8.0 | 41/94 (43.6) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 0.073 | 10/94 (10.6) | 1.9 (1.0–4.0) | 0.065 | 6/95 (6.3) | 3.9 (1.5–10.0) | 0.006 |
Psychosocial resources | ||||||||||
Social Integration | ||||||||||
Membership and participation in informal groups | ||||||||||
None/Low | 32.1 | 180/377 (47.8) | 1.0 | 28/380 (7.4) | 1.0 | 10/370 (2.7) | 1.0 | |||
Medium/High | 67.9 | 233/800 (29.1) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | < 0.001 | 54/809 (6.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.7 | 15/799 (1.9) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) | 0.4 |
New friends past year | ||||||||||
No | 34.2 | 164/397 (41.3) | 1.0 | 26/406 (6.4) | 1.0 | 9/395 (2.3) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 65.8 | 248/779 (31.8) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.001 | 56/781 (7.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.6 | 16/771 (2.1) | 0.9 (0.3–1.6) | 0.8 |
Emotional support | ||||||||||
Can talk to family if something troubling you | ||||||||||
No | 6.3 | 25/74 (33.8) | 1.0 | 8/74 (10.8) | 1.0 | 7/72 (9.7) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 93.7 | 386/1097 (35.2) | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) | 0.8 | 72/1108 (6.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 0.2 | 17/1089 (1.6) | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | < 0.001 |
Have someone can talk to if conflict with parents | ||||||||||
No | 46.6 | 226/546 (41.4) | 1.0 | 45/553 (8.1) | 1.0 | 11/545 (2.0) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 53.4 | 186/630 (29.5) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | < 0.001 | 37/634 (5.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.12 | 14/621 (2.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 0.8 |
Empowerment | ||||||||||
Self-efficacy | ||||||||||
Low | 28.8 | 141/335 (42.1) | 1.0 | 19/341 (5.6) | 1.0 | 6/335 (1.8) | 1.0 | |||
Medium/High | 71.2 | 272/842 (32.3) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.002 | 63/848 (7.4) | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.3 | 19/834 (2.3) | 1.3 (0.5–3.2) | 0.6 |
Spoken out against gender disadvantage | ||||||||||
Low | 38.6 | 188/454 (41.4) | 1.0 | 31/458 (6.8) | 1.0 | 10/447 (2.2) | 1.0 | |||
Medium/High | 61.4 | 225/723 (31.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | < 0.001 | 51/731 (7.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.9 | 15/722 (2.1) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.9 |