Table 1 Associations of socioeconomic factors with psychological distress among adolescent girls (aged 13–14 years) in north Karnataka, south India, 2014
% of the sample (N = 1191) | Do not have hope for the future | Feeling down, depressed or hopeless (past 2 weeks) | Suicidal thoughts (past 2 weeks) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (N = 1177) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Prevalence (N = 1189) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Prevalence (N = 1169) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Total | 413/1177 (35.1) | 82/1189 (6.9) | 25/1144 (2.1) | |||||||
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||||||
Age (years) | ||||||||||
≤ 13 years | 96.6 | 401/1136 (35.3) | 1.0 | 77/1148 (6.7) | 1.0 | 22/1128 (2.0) | 1.0 | |||
14+ years | 3.4 | 12/41 (29.3) | 0.8 (0.4-1.5) | 0.4 | 5/41 (12.2) | 1.9 (0.7-5.1) | 0.2 | 3/41 (7.3) | 4.0 (1.1-13.8) | 0.031 |
Median (years) | 13.0 | |||||||||
Caste | ||||||||||
Scheduled caste | 77.3 | 314/910 (34.5) | 1.0 | 707/919 (7.6) | 1.0 | 21/910 (2.3) | 1.0 | |||
Scheduled tribe | 22.7 | 99/267 (37.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.4 | 12/270 (4.4) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.074 | 4/259 (1.5) | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) | 0.5 |
Orphan hood | ||||||||||
Both parents alive | 84.1 | 334/988 (33.8) | 1.0 | 72/1000 (7.2) | 1.0 | 21/984 (2.1) | 1.0 | |||
One/both parents dead | 16.0 | 79/189 (41.8) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.035 | 10/189 (5.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.3 | 4/185 (2.2) | 1.0 (0.3–3.0) | 1.0 |
Number of siblings | ||||||||||
0–2 | 36.6 | 158/432 (36.6) | 1.0 | 31/436 (7.1) | 1.0 | 5/427 (1.2) | 1.0 | |||
3 | 32.2 | 136/381 (35.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.8 | 24/383 (6.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.6 | 9/376 (2.4) | 2.1 (0.7–6.2) | 0.2 |
4–9 | 31.2 | 119/364 (32.7) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.3 | 27/370 (7.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.9 | 11/365 (3.0) | 2.6 (0.9–7.6) | 0.076 |
Median | 3.0 | |||||||||
Literacy household head | ||||||||||
Illiterate | 63.3 | 281/745 (37.7) | 1.0 | 46/753 (6.1) | 1.0 | 12/740 (1.6) | 1.0 | |||
Literate | 36.7 | 132/431 (30.6) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.014 | 36/435 (8.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.2 | 13/428 (3.0) | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | 0.1 |
Household wealth index | ||||||||||
Poorest | 29.6 | 105/346 (30.4) | 1.0 | 25/352 (7.1) | 1.0 | 8/344 (2.3) | 1.0 | |||
Medium | 33.4 | 158/394 (40.1) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.006 | 22/398 (5.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 0.4 | 9/392 (2.3) | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) | 1.0 |
Richest | 37.0 | 150/437 (34.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.24 | 35/439 (8.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.6 | 8/433 (1.9) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.6 |
Parents migrated for work past yeara | ||||||||||
No | 83.3 | 348/979 (35.6) | 1.0 | 68/987 (6.9) | 1.0 | 21/967 (2.2) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 16.7 | 63/193 (32.6) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.4 | 13/198 (6.6) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.9 | 4/196 (2.0) | 0.9 (0.3–2.8) | 1.0 |
Girl migrated for work past year | ||||||||||
No | 91.6 | 383/1077 (35.6) | 1.0 | 77/1089 (7.1) | 1.0 | 21/1071 (2.0) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 8.4 | 30/100 (30.) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.3 | 5/100 (5.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 0.4 | 4/98 (4.1) | 2.1 (0.7–6.3) | 0.2 |
District | ||||||||||
Bagalkote | 57.2 | 265/679 (39.0) | 1.0 | 30/681 (4.4) | 1.0 | 14/663 (2.1) | 1.0 | |||
Vijayapura | 42.8 | 148/498 (29.7) | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.001 | 52/508 (10.2) | 2.5 (1.6–3.9) | < 0.001 | 11/506 (2.2) | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 0.9 |