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Table 2 Factors associated with undesirable screeninga for tuberculosis among PLHIV in the AMPATH programme, Kenya (2015–2016)

From: Screening and testing for tuberculosis among the HIV-infected: outcomes from a large HIV programme in western Kenya

Variable

Total

Undesirable Screeninga

cRR (95% CI)

aRR (95% CI)

N

N

(%)

  

Gender

 Female

59,027

25,827

(43.8)

1

1

 Male

31,427

13,946

(44.4)

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

Age (years)

 35–44

25,836

11,058

(42.8)

1

1

 0–4

6086

2363

(38.8)

0.91 (0.88–0.94)

0.93 (0.87–0.99)

 5–9

3442

1691

(49.1)

1.15 (1.11–1.19)

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

 10–19

5652

3355

(59.4)

1.39 (1.35–1.42)

1.05 (1.00–1.11)

 20–24

2750

966

(35.1)

0.82 (0.78–0.87)

0.92 (0.87–0.96)

 25–34

14,725

5309

(36.1)

0.84 (0.82–0.86)

0.93 (0.90–0.95)

 45–54

19,892

9452

(47.5)

1.11 (1.09–1.13)

1.07 (1.05–1.09)

 55–64

9394

4364

(46.5)

1.09 (1.06–1.11)

1.04 (1.01–1.06)

 65+

2664

1211

(45.5)

1.06 (1.02–1.11)

1.00 (0.96–1.05)

Clinic category

 Adults clinics

71,765

31,126

(43.4)

1

1

 Paediatric clinics

13,978

6923

(49.5)

1.14 (1.12–1.16)

1.27 (1.20–1.34)

 Youth clinics

383

126

(32.9)

0.76 (0.66–0.88)

0.80 (0.67–0.94)

 PMTCT clinics

4328

1598

(36.9)

0.85 (0.82–0.89)

0.89 (0.85–0.92)

Uptake of ART

 Not on ART

15,302

5979

(39.1)

1

1

 On ART

68,366

32,541

(47.6)

1.22 (1.19–1.24)

1.16 (1.13–1.18)

Total encounters

   

1.05 (1.04–1.05)

1.04 (1.04–1.04)

Clinic volumeb

 High volume (pts)

74,900

33,334

(44.5)

1

1

 Medium volume (pts)

12,687

5415

(42.7)

0.96 (0.94–0.98)

0.92 (0.90–0.94)

 Low volume (pts)

2322

839

(36.1)

0.81 (0.77–0.86)

0.85 (0.80–0.89)

 Very low volume (pts)

545

185

(33.9)

0.76 (0.68–0.86)

0.94 (0.84–1.04)

  1. cRR – crude/unadjusted relative risk, aRR – adjusted relative risk, CI – Confidence, PLHIV – People Living with HIV, PMTCT – prevention of mother to child transmission, ART – antiretroviral therapy, pts. – total patients
  2. aScreening defined as ‘Undesirable’ if a patient was recorded to have been screened for tuberculosis in < 90% of his/her clinical encounters
  3. bHigh volume clinics – had 1634+ PLHIV; Medium volume – 327 to 1633 PLHIV; Low volume – 89 to 326 PLHIV; Very low volume – < 89 PLHIV; based on equal number of clinics per subcategory