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Table 4 Risk of depression in patients with versus without PHQ ≥ 10

From: Variation in somatic symptoms by patient health questionnaire-9 depression scores in a representative Japanese sample

Variables

All (n = 3753)

OR (95% CI)

Sociodemographic & Socioeconomic Status

Age

 18–39

–

 40–64

1.83 (1.13–2.96)

 ≥ 65

0.82 (0.54–1.23)

Gender, male

1.05 (0.76–1.44)

Residence population > 100,00 people

1.06 (0.79–1.44)

Marital status

 Married

–

 Never-married

0.86 (0.58–1.27)

 Widowed

1.21 (0.74–1.98)

 Divorced

0.91 (0.43–1.93)

Occupational status

 Full-time

–

 Part-time

1.13 (0.74–1.73)

 Jobless

2.38 (1.44–3.92)

 Others (Homemaker, Retiree, Student)

1.11 (0.76–1.63)

Educational attainment

 ≤ High school

–

 Two-year college

0.81 (0.57–1.14)

 College or higher

0.74 (0.53–1.04)

Household income ($)

 <  30,000

–

 ≥ 30,000 < 60,000

0.58 (0.40–0.85)

 ≥ 60,000 < 100,000

0.69 (0.46–1.02)

 ≥ 100,000

0.61 (0.36–1.04)

Health-related Characteristics

 Obese (BMI ≥ 25)

1.42 (1.04–1.93)

 Currently smoking

1.09 (0.72–1.64)

 Having a primary care physician

1.36 (1.01–1.82)

 Family history of depression

1.56 (0.78–3.13)

 Prior diagnosis of depression

6.11 (3.77–9.89)

 Prior diagnosis of depression related comorbidity

2.14 (1.47–3.12)

 Excessive alcohol

1.62 (0.78–3.36)

Symptom Domain

 Cervicolumbar musculoskeletal pain

1.07 (0.80–1.42)

 Upper respiratory symptoms

1.06 (0.79–1.44)

 Gastrointestinal complaints

1.38 (0.97–1.98)

 Fatigue and malaise

1.73 (1.26–2.37)

 Pain in lower extremity

1.21 (0.84–1.74)

 Mean number of self-reported symptom

1.02 (1.01–1.02)

  1. Note. PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, scores ≥10 defining at least moderate depression; BMI Body Mass Index