Table 1 Participants’ characteristics and comparison by PHQ score
Variables | All (n = 3753) n(%) | PHQ ≥ 10 (n = 296) n(%) | PHQ < 10 (n = 3457) n(%) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1A: Sociodemographic & Socioeconomic Status | |||||
 Age (years), M (SD) | |||||
  18–39 | 1149 (30.6) | 99 (33.4) | 1050 (30.3) | <.01 | |
  40–64 | 1552 (41.4) | 93 (31.4) |  |  | |
  ≥ 65 | 1052 (28.0) | 104 (35.2) | 1459 (42.2) |  | |
| Â | Â | Â | 948 (27.5) | Â | |
 Gender, male | 1777 (47.4) | 125 (42.2) | 1652 (47.8) | .06 | |
 Residence population > 100,000 persons | 2791 (74.4) | 221 (74.7) | 2570 (74.3) | .90 | |
 Marital status (n = 3691) | |||||
  Married | 2463 (66.7) | 172 (58.7) | 2291 (67.2) | <.01 | |
  Never-married | 868 (23.5) | 75 (25.4) | 793 (23.4) | ||
  Widowed | 250 (6.8) | 36 (12.2) | 214 (6.4) | ||
  Divorced | 110 (3.0) | 9 (3.7) | 101 (3.0) | ||
 Occupational status (n = 3693) | |||||
  Full-time | 1593 (43.1) | 93 (32.4) | 1500 (44.0) | < 0.01 | |
  Part-time | 552 (15.0) | 46 (16.0) | 506 (14.9) | ||
  Homemaker | 577 (15.6) | 39 (13.6) | 538 (15.8) | ||
  Retiree | 575 (15.6) | 61 (21.2) | 514 (15.1) | ||
  Jobless | 214 (5.8) | 38 (13.2) | 176 (5.2) | ||
  Student | 182 (4.9) | 10 (3.5) | 172 (5.0) | ||
 Educational attainment (n = 3695) | |||||
  ≤ High school | 1580 (42.8) | 150 (50.7) | 1430 (41.4) | <.01 | |
  Two-year college | 871 (23.6) | 62 (21.3) |  | ||
  College or higher | 1244 (33.6) | 79 (27.2) | 809 (23.8) | ||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | 1165 (34.2) | |
 Household income ($10,000) | |||||
  <  3 | 504 (13.4) | 68 (23.0) | 436 (12.6) | <.01 | |
  ≥ 3 < 6 | 1628 (43.4) | 116 (39.2) | 1512 (43.7) | ||
  ≥ 6 < 10 | 1201 (32.0) | 85 (28.7) | 1116 (32.3) | ||
  ≥ 10 | 420 (11.2) | 27 (9.1) | 393 (11.4) | ||
1B: Health-related Characteristics | |||||
 At least one self-reported symptom | 2973 (78.5) | 267 (89.0) | 2706 (77.6) | <.01 | |
 Mean number of self-reported symptom (SD) | 12.1 (19.7) | 25.5 (32.5) | 11.0 (17.7) | <.01 | |
 Obese (BMI ≥ 25), (n = 3749) | 724 (19.3) | 77 (26.1) | 647 (18.7) | .02 | |
 Currently smoking | 495 (13.2) | 40 (13.5) | 455 (13.1) | .86 | |
 Having a primary care physician (n = 3741) | 1890 (50.5) | 190 (64.6) | 1700 (49.3) | <.01 | |
 Family history of depression | 90 (2.4) | 12 (4.0) | 78 (2.3) | .05 | |
 Prior diagnosis of depression | 98 (2.6) | 39 (13.2) | 59 (1.7) | <.01 | |
 Prior diagnosis of depression related diseases | 316 (8.4) | 52 (17.6) | 264 (7.6) | <.01 | |
 Excessive alcohol | 98 (2.6) | 10 (3.4) | 88 (2.6) | .39 | |