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Table 4 Results of this analysis

From: Tobacco smoking and semen quality in infertile males: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Endpoints

No of studies involved (n)

RR or MD with 95% CI

P value

I2 (%)

Oligozoospermia

4

1.29 [1.05–1.59]

0.02

0

Teratozoospermia

3

1.22 [0.96–1.56]

0.10

0

Asthenozoospermia

4

1.42 [0.97–2.09]

0.07

85

Azoospermia

2

3.02 [0.23–40.01]

0.40

92

pH of semen

4

0.04 [−0.03–0.11]

0.30

92

Impaired motility of sperm (continuous data)

4

1.26 [−0.64–3.17]

0.19

87

Abnormal form of sperm

6

2.44 [0.99–3.89]

0.001

98

Head defects

3

1.76 [0.32–3.20]

0.02

96

Neck defects

3

1.97 [0.75–3.18]

0.002

99

Tail defects

3

1.29 [0.35–2.22]

0.007

98

Testosterone level

4

0.18 [−1.26–1.63]

0.80

94

LH level

3

0.18 [−0.47–0.83]

0.58

66

Prolactin level

2

1.79 [−5.78–9.36]

0.64

95

FSH level

3

0.12 [−0.41–0.64]

0.66

0

  1. Abbreviations: MD mean difference, RR risk ratio, CI confidence intervals, LH luteinizing hormone, FSH follicle stimulating hormone