Factors associated with under-five mortality in Bhutan: an analysis of the Bhutan National Health Survey 2012

Dendup, Tashi; Zhao, Yun; Dema, Deki

doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6308-6

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Factors associated with under-five mortality in Bhutan (crude/unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio)

From: Factors associated with under-five mortality in Bhutan: an analysis of the Bhutan National Health Survey 2012

Variables	COR	95% CI		P-value	AOR	95% CI		P-value
a) Bio-demographic
Mother’s age (years)				0.189				< 0.001
<=25	1.00				1.00
26–30	0.81	0.41	1.59	0.525	0.57	0.30	1.10	0.093
31–35	1.08	0.56	2.08	0.809	0.53	0.28	1.04	0.063
36–40	0.73	0.42	1.28	0.263	0.29	0.18	0.45	< 0.001
41–45	1.02	0.51	2.01	0.964	0.25	0.11	0.57	0.001
> 45	1.33	0.47	3.79	0.584	0.23	0.07	0.74	0.015
Mother’s age when first married (years)				0.031
<=15	1.00
16–20	0.84	0.59	1.19	0.317
21–25	0.50	0.30	0.84	0.010
> 25	0.64	0.20	1.99	0.434
Mothers age when first pregnant (years)				0.630
<=15	1.00
16–20	1.17	0.52	2.61	0.706
21–25	1.02	0.44	2.36	0.966
> 25	0.84	0.31	2.25	0.725
Mother’s marital status				0.103
Married	1.00
Not married	0.69	0.45	1.08	0.103
Sex of the child				0.055
Girl	1.00
Boy	1.38	0.99	1.93	0.055
Total births				< 0.001				< 0.001
<=2 births	1.00				1.00
3–4 births	4.70	2.26	6.06	< 0.001	4.85	2.80	8.50	< 0.001
> 4 births	6.19	3.21	11.95	< 0.001	15.15	6.60	34.82	< 0.001
Sex of the household head				0.611
Female	1.00
Male	1.06	0.84	1.34	0.611
Birth order				0.182
First	1.00
Second or third	1.27	0.91	1.78	0.165
> = Fourth	1.71	0.96	3.05	0.068
b) Socioeconomic
Mother’s education				0.165
No education	1.00
Primary	0.62	0.34	1.16	0.133
High school	0.32	0.13	0.79	0.014
Tertiary	0.38	0.07	2.24	0.282
Monastic/NFE	0.96	0.68	1.36	0.824
Education of the husband				0.009
No education	1.00
Primary	0.69	0.45	1.06	0.089
High school	0.38	0.20	0.73	0.004
Tertiary	0.23	0.06	0.96	0.044
Monastic/NFE	1.25	0.79	1.99	0.338
Education of the household head				0.006
No education	1.00
Primary	0.82	0.52	1.29	0.382
High school	0.31	0.13	0.77	0.013
Tertiary	0.22	0.04	1.26	0.087
Monastic/NFE	1.48	0.95	2.32	0.086
Household size				0.100				< 0.001
<=5	1.00				1.00
> 5	0.70	0.46	1.07	0.100	0.34	0.21	0.55	< 0.001
Electricity availability				< 0.001				0.026
Yes	1.00				1.00
No	2.53	1.49	4.27	0.001	1.81	1.08	3.03	0.026
Mother’s working status				0.013
Not working	1.00
Working	0.64	0.45	0.90	0.012
Household head’s working status				0.501
Working	1.00
Not working	1.17	0.73	1.88	0.501
Wealth index				< 0.001
Poorest	1.00
Second	0.70	0.47	1.05	0.084
Middle	0.51	0.32	0.81	0.005
Fourth	0.33	0.22	0.49	< 0.001
Richest	0.19	0.09	0.40	< 0.001
Region of residence				< 0.001				< 0.001
Western	1.00				1.00
Central	2.31	1.43	3.72	0.001	1.72	1.07	2.77	0.025
Eastern	3.11	2.04	4.73	< 0.001	2.09	1.46	2.99	< 0.001
Place of residence				< 0.001
Urban	1.00
Rural	2.89	1.74	4.81	< 0.001
Domestic violence				0.667
No	1.00
Yes	0.90	0.55	1.47	0.667
c) Environmental
Safe drinking water				0.658
Yes	1.00
No	0.68	0.12	3.83	0.658
Safe sanitation facilities				< 0.001				0.012
Yes	1.00				1.00
No	2.18	1.62	2.95	< 0.001	1.49	1.09	2.03	0.012
Use of solid fuel				< 0.001
No	1.00
Yes	1.95	1.48	2.56	< 0.001
d) Health-related
Maternal TT immunization				0.603
Not immunized	1.00
Partially immunized	0.40	0.07	2.47	0.315
Fully immunized	0.39	0.06	2.81	0.343
Contraceptive use				0.056
Ever used	1.00
Never used	0.73	0.53	1.01	0.056
Place of delivery				0.352
Institutional	1.00
Home	0.72	0.36	1.45	0.895
Skilled delivery				0.410
Yes	1.00
No	0.75	0.37	1.52	0.410
Antenatal care				NA
Yes	NA	NA	NA	NA
No	NA	NA	NA	NA
Postnatal care				0.202
Yes	1.00
No	1.49	0.80	2.76	0.202
Fed colostrum				0.042
Yes	1.00
No	2.26	1.03	4.97	0.042

COR crude odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, TT tetanus toxoid, NA not available

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