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Table 2 Background characteristics and distribution of under-five mortality rate in Bhutan (N = 6389, Na = 6209)

From: Factors associated with under-five mortality in Bhutan: an analysis of the Bhutan National Health Survey 2012

Variables

N

Na (%)

UFMRa

P-valueb

a) Bio-demographic factors

Mother’s age (years)

   

0.442

 <=25

573

597 (9.6)

40

 

 26–30

1893

1877 (30.2)

32

 

 31–35

1837

1748 (28.2)

43

 

 36–40

1245

1174 (18.9)

29

 

 41–45

595

594 (9.6)

40

 

 > 45

246

220 (3.5)

52

 

Mother’s age when first married (years)

   

0.101

 <= 15

837

857 (13.8)

47

 

 16–20

3867

3753 (60.5)

40

 

 21–25

1123

1076 (17.3)

24

 

 > 25

208

220 (3.6)

30

 

 Not reported/missing

354

302 (4.9)

28

 

Mothers age when first pregnant (years)

   

0.551

 <= 15

311

333 (5.4)

33

 

 16–20

3508

3434 (55.3)

39

 

 21–25

1906

1782 (28.7)

34

 

 > 25

381

360 (5.8)

28

 

 Not reported/missing

283

299 (4.8)

51

 

Mother’s marital status

   

0.101

 Married

5742

5678 (91.4)

38

 

 Not married

647

531 (8.6)

27

 

Sex of the child

   

0.054

 Girl

3192

3081 (49.6)

31

 

 Boy

3197

3128 (50.4)

43

 

Total births

   

< 0.001

 <=2 births

2072

2111 (34)

12

 

 3–4 births

2989

2838 (45.7)

42

 

 > 4 births

1327

1259 (20.1)

68

 

 Not reported/missing

1

0.7 (0.01)

0

 

Sex of the household head

   

0.611

 Female

2560

2213 (35.7)

36

 

 Male

3829

3995 (64.4)

38

 

Birth order

   

0.101

 First

1968

2006 (32.3)

29

 

 Second or third

2896

2732 (44)

36

 

 > = Fourth

1525

1471 (23.7)

49

 

b) Socioeconomic factors

Mother’s education

   

0.031

 No education

3806

3662 (58.9)

43

 

 Primary

734

702 (11.3)

27

 

 High school

691

699 (11.3)

14

 

 Tertiary

89

121 (2)

17

 

 Monastic/NFE

1051

1014 (16.3)

41

 

 Not reported/missing

18

11 (0.2)

25

 

Education of the husband

   

0.002

 No education

2750

2704 (43.5)

45

 

 Primary

1192

1141 (18.4)

32

 

 High school

1015

1007 (16.2)

18

 

 Tertiary

230

262 (4.2)

11

 

 Monastic/NFE

842

789 (12.7)

56

 

 Not reported/missing

360

306 (4.9)

20

 

Education of the household head

   

0.002

 No education

3685

3467 (55.8)

41

 

 Primary

955

963 (15.5)

33

 

 High school

755

808 (13.0)

13

 

 Tertiary

206

223 (3.6)

9

 

 Monastic/NFE

771

740 (11.9)

59

 

 Not reported/missing

17

8 (0.1)

34

 

Household size

   

0.098

 <=5

3306

3348 (53.9)

43

 

 > 5

3083

2861 (46.1)

30

 

Electricity availability

   

0.007

 Yes

5602

5519 (88.9)

32

 

 No

782

681 (11)

77

 

 Not reported/missing

5

9 (0.1)

0

 

Mother’s working status

   

0.013

 Working

1906

1910 (30.8)

27

 

 Not working

4417

4295 (68.6)

42

 

 Not reported/missing

66

40 (0.6)

29

 

Household head’s working status

   

0.685

 Working

4311

4444 (71.6)

35

 

 Not working

2058

1748 (28.2)

41

 

 Not reported/missing

20

17 (0.3)

0

 

Wealth index

   

< 0.001

 Poorest

1407

1390 (22.4)

64

 

 Second

1286

1227 (19.8)

46

 

 Middle

1433

1289 (20.8)

34

 

 Fourth

1257

1230 (19.8)

22

 

 Richest

1006

1074 (17.3)

13

 

Region of residence

   

< 0.001

 Western

1913

2600 (41.9)

19

 

 Central

2385

1590 (25.6)

42

 

 Eastern

2091

2019 (32.5)

56

 

Place of residence

   

< 0.001

 Urban

1399

1489 (24)

16

 

 Rural

4990

4720 (76)

44

 

Domestic violence

   

0.666

 Yes

871

769 (12.4)

34

 

 No

5516

5438 (87.6)

37

 

 Not reported/missing

2

2 (0.2)

0

 

c) Environmental factors

Safe drinking water

   

0.092

 Yes

6234

6043 (97.3)

37

 

 No

149

158 (2.5)

25

 

 Not reported/missing

6

9 (0.2)

22

 

Safe sanitation facilities

   

< 0.001

 Yes

4137

4067 (65.5)

27

 

 No

2242

2135 (34.4)

57

 

 Not reported/missing

10

7 (0.1)

0

 

Use of solid fuel

   

< 0.001

 Yes

1800

1826 (29.4)

55

 

 No

4588

4382 (70.6)

29

 

 Not reported/missing

1

0.2 (0.003)

0

 

d) Health-related factors

Maternal TT immunization

   

0.421

 Not immunized

46

39 (0.6)

9

 

 Partially immunized

369

355 (5.7)

36

 

 Fully immunized

182

160 (2.6)

36

 

 Not reported/missingc

5792

5655 (91.1)

37

 

Contraceptive use

   

0.055

 Ever used

5365

5147 (82.9)

39

 

 Never used

1024

1062 (17.1)

29

 

Place of delivery

   

0.087

 Institutional

737

716 (11.5)

53

 

 Home

435

432 (7)

39

 

 Not reported/missingc

5217

5061 (81.5)

35

 

Skilled delivery

   

0.101

 Yes

749

726 (11.7)

52

 

 No

423

422 (6.8)

39

 

 Not reported/missingc

5217

5061 (81.5)

35

 

Antenatal care

   

0.097

 Yes

1141

1123 (18.1)

48

 

 No

31

25 (0.4)

0

 

 Not reported/missingc

5217

5061 (81.5)

35

 

Postnatal care

   

0.060

 Yes

805

811 (13.1)

42

 

 No

367

337 (5.4)

61

 

 Not reported/missingc

5217

5061 (81.5)

35

 

Fed colostrum

   

0.006

 Yes

1032

1017 (16.4)

45

 

 No

66

71 (1.1)

97

 

 Not reported/missingc

5291

5121 (82.5)

34

 
  1. aWeighted, UFMR = under-five mortality rate as ‘deaths per 1000 live births’, bChi-square (χ2) test, TT = tetanus toxoid, cThe shorter period in the provision of information on health-related variables by the Bhutan National Health Survey 2012 resulted in a huge proportion (> 80%) of missing observations for these variables in this study
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