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Table 4 Prevalence estimates and odds ratios for associations between single indicators of social status with health service use

From: Barrier or stressor? The role of discrimination experiences in health service use

 

Health service use (last 12 months)

Any mental health service use (n=181)

Secondary physical health service use (n=530)

n (%)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR1 (95% CI)

n (%)

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted ORa (95% CI)

Ethnicity

 White British

75(14.1)

1.00

1.00

291(52.1)

1.00

1.00

 Black Caribbean

15(15.4)

1.11(0.60-2.03)

1.08(0.53-2.21)

43(49.1)

0.89(0.55-1.44)

0.91(0.52-1.58)

 Black African

20(14.2)

1.01(0.58-1.77)

0.85(0.43-1.67)

58(41.3)

0.65(0.44-0.96)

0.70(0.45-1.06)

 White Other

47(33.9)

3.13(2.00-4.91)

2.86(1.74-4.68)

71(45.9)

0.78(0.53-1.14)

0.61(0.40-0.92)

 Non White Other

17(17.0)

1.25(0.71-2.19)

1.04(0.55-1.95)

42(40.6)

0.63(0.40-0.99)

0.62(0.38-1.00)

 Mixed

7(12.9)

0.91(0.39-2.11)

0.83(0.35-1.93)

25(44.5)

0.74(0.41-1.31)

0.83(0.45-1.55)

Migration status

 Born in the UK

106(15.8)

1.00

1.00

355(50.4)

1.00

1.00

 Migrant (0-10)

21(16.4)

1.04(0.61-1.79)

1.21(0.67-2.17)

48(36.2)

0.56(0.38-0.83)

0.68(0.44-1.03)

 Migrant (11-20)

25(22.6)

1.55(0.92-2.62)

1.52(0.84-2.75)

48(41.8)

0.71(0.47-1.07)

0.72(0.46-1.13)

 Migrant (21+)

29(20.7)

1.39(0.86-2.25)

1.21(0.71-2.05)

76(52.7)

1.10(0.76-1.57)

0.60(0.40-0.92)

Educational attainment

 No qualifications/GCSE

45(17.8)

1.20(0.79-1.83)

0.60(0.35-1.04)

143(52.3)

1.41(1.04-1.91)

0.77(0.54-1.11)

 A Level

54(20.0)

1.38(0.93-2.05)

0.89(0.57-1.39)

143(52.1)

1.39(1.02-1.90)

1.28(0.91-1.80)

 Degree or above

82(15.3)

1.00

1.00

244(43.9)

1.00

1.00

Social occupational class

 Class I/II

48(11.7)

1.00

1.00

165(40.0)

1.00

1.00

 Class III

19(12.2)

1.04(0.57-1.89)

0.88(0.47-1.67)

85(51.9)

1.62(1.09-2.41)

1.51(0.98-2.32)

 Class IV/V

16(16.6)

1.50(0.80-2.80)

1.15(0.56-2.37)

40(41.2)

1.05(0.66-1.66)

0.91(0.56-1.47)

 No SOC assigned

97(23.7)

2.34(1.57-4.47)

1.26(0.80-1.97)

240(55.5)

1.87(1.40-2.51)

1.26(0.90-1.76)

Employment status

 Full/part-time employed

83(12.5)

1.00

1.00

290(43.1)

1.00

1.00

 Student

19(20.3)

1.78(0.99-3.21)

1.33(0.66-2.70)

40(46.3)

1.14(0.73-1.76)

1.44(0.84-2.47)

 Unemployed

31(30.6)

3.08(1.88-5.04)

1.96(1.11-3.47)

46(45.9)

1.12(0.72-1.73)

0.87(0.55-1.43)

 Temporary sick/disabled

22(53.0)

7.86(4.02-15.36)

1.74(0.74-4.10)

30(73.0)

3.58(1.74-7.35)

1.13(0.51-2.50)

 Retired

16(12.1)

0.96(0.54-1.72)

0.53(0.25-1.12)

102(73.1)

3.59(2.35-5.50)

1.45(0.82-2.54)

 Looking after children

9(18.0)

1.53(0.72-3.25)

1.05(0.46-2.43)

22(42.1)

0.96(0.54-1.71)

0.80(0.42-1.50)

Household income

 £0 - £12,096

40(23.4)

1.77(1.14-2.73)

0.85(0.49-1.46)

90(48.3)

1.13(0.80-1.61)

0.59(0.39-0.89)

 £12,097-£31,494

44(17.7)

1.25(0.83-1.88)

0.90(0.56-1.45)

133(52.3)

1.33(0.96-1.84)

0.91(0.63-1.32)

 £31495+

77(14.7)

1.00

1.00

250(45.1)

1.00

1.00

Any debt

 No

123(13.6)

1.00

1.00

452(48.0)

1.00

1.00

 Yes

58(35.1)

3.44(2.37-5.00)

1.99(1.26-3.16)

78(47.9)

0.99(0.71-1.40)

0.80(0.53-1.21)

Any benefits

 No

106(13.3)

1.00

1.00

396(47.3)

1.00

1.00

 Yes

75(29.0)

2.66(1.89-3.76)

1.39(0.91-2.11)

134(50.2)

1.12(0.85-1.48)

0.69(0.50-0.96)

Tenure

 Own outright/ mortgage

63(15.3)

1.00

1.00

208(49.5)

1.00

1.00

 Rent/private

42(19.2)

1.32(0.84-2.05)

1.16(0.72-1.88)

91(39.0)

0.65(0.46-0.91)

0.82(0.56-1.20)

 Rent/council

69(19.7)

1.35(0.92-2.00)

0.71(0.45-1.13)

195(53.5)

1.17(0.87-1.57)

0.90(0.65-1.24)

 Other

5(11.5)

0.72(0.27-1.91)

0.48(0.13-1.76)

22(48.0)

0.94(0.50-1.76)

1.38(0.69-2.73)

Moved in past 2 years

 Not moved or moved once

162(17.1)

1.00

1.00

494(50.1)

1.00

1.00

 Moved twice or more

17(21.3)

1.31(0.73-2.37)

1.63(0.85-3.10)

24(29.6)

0.42(0.26-0.69)

0.56(0.32-0.98)

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aAdjusted for age (continuous variable), gender, mental/physical disorder and long standing illness