From: Barrier or stressor? The role of discrimination experiences in health service use
 | Health service use (last 12 months) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any mental health service use (n=181) | Secondary physical health service use (n=530) | |||||
n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR1 (95% CI) | n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | |
Ethnicity | ||||||
 White British | 75(14.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 291(52.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Black Caribbean | 15(15.4) | 1.11(0.60-2.03) | 1.08(0.53-2.21) | 43(49.1) | 0.89(0.55-1.44) | 0.91(0.52-1.58) |
 Black African | 20(14.2) | 1.01(0.58-1.77) | 0.85(0.43-1.67) | 58(41.3) | 0.65(0.44-0.96) | 0.70(0.45-1.06) |
 White Other | 47(33.9) | 3.13(2.00-4.91) | 2.86(1.74-4.68) | 71(45.9) | 0.78(0.53-1.14) | 0.61(0.40-0.92) |
 Non White Other | 17(17.0) | 1.25(0.71-2.19) | 1.04(0.55-1.95) | 42(40.6) | 0.63(0.40-0.99) | 0.62(0.38-1.00) |
 Mixed | 7(12.9) | 0.91(0.39-2.11) | 0.83(0.35-1.93) | 25(44.5) | 0.74(0.41-1.31) | 0.83(0.45-1.55) |
Migration status | ||||||
 Born in the UK | 106(15.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 355(50.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Migrant (0-10) | 21(16.4) | 1.04(0.61-1.79) | 1.21(0.67-2.17) | 48(36.2) | 0.56(0.38-0.83) | 0.68(0.44-1.03) |
 Migrant (11-20) | 25(22.6) | 1.55(0.92-2.62) | 1.52(0.84-2.75) | 48(41.8) | 0.71(0.47-1.07) | 0.72(0.46-1.13) |
 Migrant (21+) | 29(20.7) | 1.39(0.86-2.25) | 1.21(0.71-2.05) | 76(52.7) | 1.10(0.76-1.57) | 0.60(0.40-0.92) |
Educational attainment | ||||||
 No qualifications/GCSE | 45(17.8) | 1.20(0.79-1.83) | 0.60(0.35-1.04) | 143(52.3) | 1.41(1.04-1.91) | 0.77(0.54-1.11) |
 A Level | 54(20.0) | 1.38(0.93-2.05) | 0.89(0.57-1.39) | 143(52.1) | 1.39(1.02-1.90) | 1.28(0.91-1.80) |
 Degree or above | 82(15.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 244(43.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Social occupational class | ||||||
 Class I/II | 48(11.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 165(40.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Class III | 19(12.2) | 1.04(0.57-1.89) | 0.88(0.47-1.67) | 85(51.9) | 1.62(1.09-2.41) | 1.51(0.98-2.32) |
 Class IV/V | 16(16.6) | 1.50(0.80-2.80) | 1.15(0.56-2.37) | 40(41.2) | 1.05(0.66-1.66) | 0.91(0.56-1.47) |
 No SOC assigned | 97(23.7) | 2.34(1.57-4.47) | 1.26(0.80-1.97) | 240(55.5) | 1.87(1.40-2.51) | 1.26(0.90-1.76) |
Employment status | ||||||
 Full/part-time employed | 83(12.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 290(43.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Student | 19(20.3) | 1.78(0.99-3.21) | 1.33(0.66-2.70) | 40(46.3) | 1.14(0.73-1.76) | 1.44(0.84-2.47) |
 Unemployed | 31(30.6) | 3.08(1.88-5.04) | 1.96(1.11-3.47) | 46(45.9) | 1.12(0.72-1.73) | 0.87(0.55-1.43) |
 Temporary sick/disabled | 22(53.0) | 7.86(4.02-15.36) | 1.74(0.74-4.10) | 30(73.0) | 3.58(1.74-7.35) | 1.13(0.51-2.50) |
 Retired | 16(12.1) | 0.96(0.54-1.72) | 0.53(0.25-1.12) | 102(73.1) | 3.59(2.35-5.50) | 1.45(0.82-2.54) |
 Looking after children | 9(18.0) | 1.53(0.72-3.25) | 1.05(0.46-2.43) | 22(42.1) | 0.96(0.54-1.71) | 0.80(0.42-1.50) |
Household income | ||||||
 £0 - £12,096 | 40(23.4) | 1.77(1.14-2.73) | 0.85(0.49-1.46) | 90(48.3) | 1.13(0.80-1.61) | 0.59(0.39-0.89) |
 £12,097-£31,494 | 44(17.7) | 1.25(0.83-1.88) | 0.90(0.56-1.45) | 133(52.3) | 1.33(0.96-1.84) | 0.91(0.63-1.32) |
 £31495+ | 77(14.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 250(45.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Any debt | ||||||
 No | 123(13.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 452(48.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 58(35.1) | 3.44(2.37-5.00) | 1.99(1.26-3.16) | 78(47.9) | 0.99(0.71-1.40) | 0.80(0.53-1.21) |
Any benefits | ||||||
 No | 106(13.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 396(47.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 75(29.0) | 2.66(1.89-3.76) | 1.39(0.91-2.11) | 134(50.2) | 1.12(0.85-1.48) | 0.69(0.50-0.96) |
Tenure | ||||||
 Own outright/ mortgage | 63(15.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 208(49.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Rent/private | 42(19.2) | 1.32(0.84-2.05) | 1.16(0.72-1.88) | 91(39.0) | 0.65(0.46-0.91) | 0.82(0.56-1.20) |
 Rent/council | 69(19.7) | 1.35(0.92-2.00) | 0.71(0.45-1.13) | 195(53.5) | 1.17(0.87-1.57) | 0.90(0.65-1.24) |
 Other | 5(11.5) | 0.72(0.27-1.91) | 0.48(0.13-1.76) | 22(48.0) | 0.94(0.50-1.76) | 1.38(0.69-2.73) |
Moved in past 2 years | ||||||
 Not moved or moved once | 162(17.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 494(50.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Moved twice or more | 17(21.3) | 1.31(0.73-2.37) | 1.63(0.85-3.10) | 24(29.6) | 0.42(0.26-0.69) | 0.56(0.32-0.98) |