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Table 4 Relationship between two night eating habits and metabolic syndrome after 3.9 years (2013–2014) by sex. Study undertaken in Okayama

From: Association of night eating habits with metabolic syndrome and its components: a longitudinal study

 

Male

Female

Those with neither habit

Those with a single habit of “dinner immediately before bed” (≥3 times per week)

Those with a single habit of “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week)

Those with both habits

Those with neither habit

Those with a single habit of “dinner immediately before bed” (≥3 times per week)

Those with a single habit of “snacks after dinner” (≥3 times per week)

Those with both habits

Metabolic syndrome

n = 4262

n = 3025

Number of participants

131/2098

101/1412

25/340

32/412

118/1965

19/346

33/519

19/195

Model 1a

1.00

1.18 (0.90–1.55)

1.19 (0.77–1.86)

1.26 (0.84–1.88)

1.00

0.99 (0.60–1.63)

1.05 (0.70–1.57)

1.72 (1.03–2.86)

Model 2b

1.00

1.17 (0.88–1.56)

1.19 (0.75–1.90)

1.13 (0.73–1.74)

1.00

0.87 (0.51–1.50)

1.08 (0.72–1.63)

1.68 (1.00–2.84)

Abdominal obesity

n = 3665

n = 2115

 

Number of participants

133/1822

104/1237

26/287

34/319

209/1390

44/248

61/365

24/112

Model 1

1.00

1.18 (0.90–1.54)

1.26 (0.81–1.95)

1.48 (1.00–2.21)

1.00

1.24 (0.87–1.77)

1.13 (0.83–1.55)

1.56 (0.97–2.51)

Model 2

1.00

1.22 (0.92–1.62)

1.15 (0.71–1.85)

1.35 (0.88–2.07)

1.00

1.04 (0.70–1.55)

1.20 (0.87–1.65)

1.47 (0.90–2.41)

Model 3c

1.00

1.25 (0.94–1.66)

1.13 (0.70–1.84)

1.36 (0.89–2.09)

1.00

1.03 (0.69–1.53)

1.19 (0.87–1.65)

1.47 (0.89–2.40)

Obesity

n = 3413

n = 2812

 

Number of participants

124/1698

110/1162

29/267

43/286

80/1844

18/327

22/480

20/161

Model 1

1.00

1.32 (1.01–1.73)

1.53 (1.00–2.34)

2.19 (1.51–3.18)

1.00

1.31 (0.77–2.21)

1.06 (0.65–1.72)

3.13 (1.86–5.26)

Model 2

1.00

1.32 (0.99–1.76)

1.57 (1.01–2.45)

2.10 (1.41–3.12)

1.00

1.23 (0.70–2.18)

1.08 (0.66–1.78)

2.90 (1.67–5.05)

Model 3c

1.00

1.35 (1.01–1.80)

1.60 (1.02–2.49)

2.11 (1.42–3.15)

1.00

1.22 (0.69–2.16)

1.05 (0.64–1.74)

3.02 (1.72–5.29)

Hypertension

n = 3353

n = 2721

Number of participants

312/1609

218/1112

55/285

62/347

200/1759

34/319

48/464

18/179

Model 1

1.00

1.05 (0.87–1.28)

1.00 (0.73–1.38)

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

1.00

0.98 (0.66–1.44)

0.89 (0.64–1.24)

0.88 (0.53–1.47)

Model 2

1.00

1.01 (0.82–1.24)

1.00 (0.72–1.41)

0.88 (0.64–1.21)

1.00

0.84 (0.55–1.26)

0.90 (0.64–1.27)

0.91 (0.54–1.52)

Model 3d

1.00

1.03 (0.84–1.27)

0.98 (0.69–1.38)

0.80 (0.58–1.11)

1.00

0.81 (0.53–1.23)

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

0.75 (0.44–1.28)

Dyslipidemia

n = 3274

n = 2903

Number of participants

260/1575

205/1115

50/268

70/316

187/1887

34/335

46/495

32/186

Model 1

1.00

1.17 (0.95–1.43)

1.17 (0.83–1.63)

1.49 (1.10–2.00)

1.00

1.13 (0.76–1.67)

0.92 (0.65–1.29)

1.94 (1.28–2.94)

Model 2

1.00

1.19 (0.96–1.47)

1.23 (0.87–1.74)

1.50 (1.09–2.06)

1.00

1.23 (0.81–1.85)

0.94 (0.66–1.35)

1.91 (1.23–3.00)

Model 3e

1.00

1.19 (0.96–1.47)

1.20 (0.84–1.70)

1.46 (1.06–2.01)

1.00

1.16 (0.76–1.75)

0.92 (0.64–1.33)

1.66 (1.06–2.61)

Hyper triglyceridemia

n = 3507

n = 3098

Number of participants

193/1690

156/1178

44/298

59/341

93/2004

20/357

20/535

12/202

Model 1

1.00

1.19 (0.95–1.50)

1.35 (0.95–1.92)

1.65 (1.20–2.27)

1.00

1.29 (0.78–2.12)

0.79 (0.48–1.30)

1.32 (0.71–2.45)

Model 2

1.00

1.13 (0.89–1.43)

1.40 (0.97–2.02)

1.65 (1.18–2.32)

1.00

1.23 (0.73–2.07)

0.86 (0.52–1.42)

0.88 (0.43–1.80)

Model 3e

1.00

1.13 (0.89–1.44)

1.36 (0.94–1.97)

1.61 (1.14–2.27)

1.00

1.16 (0.68–1.96)

0.82 (0.49–1.36)

0.76 (0.37–1.56)

Low HDL cholesterolemia

n = 4629

n = 3121

Number of participants

62/2231

50/1559

12/377

21/462

63/2015

12/363

15/540

11/203

Model 1

1.00

1.14 (0.78–1.67)

1.15 (0.61–2.15)

1.65 (1.00–2.74)

1.00

1.08 (0.58–2.03)

0.89 (0.50–1.57)

1.77 (0.92–3.42)

Model 2

1.00

1.25 (0.84–1.87)

1.13 (0.58–2.19)

1.43 (0.82–2.50)

1.00

1.32 (0.69–2.54)

1.03 (0.57–1.84)

2.01 (1.02–3.94)

Model 3e

1.00

1.19 (0.79–1.78)

1.00 (0.51–1.97)

1.23 (0.70–2.16)

1.00

1.23 (0.64–2.40)

0.97 (0.54–1.75)

1.67 (0.84–3.32)

Hyperglycemia

n = 3322

n = 2395

Number of participants

105/1645

69/1103

17/258

23/316

64/1549

9/283

20/411

10/152

Model 1

1.00

1.12 (0.91–1.39)

1.12 (0.77–1.61)

1.08 (0.77–1.52)

1.00

0.58 (0.39–0.87)

0.89 (0.66–1.19)

1.28 (0.85–1.95)

Model 2

1.00

1.13 (0.91–1.42)

1.01 (0.68–1.50)

1.00 (0.70–1.44)

1.00

0.62 (0.41–0.94)

0.87 (0.64–1.19)

1.35 (0.88–2.06)

Model 3f

1.00

1.16 (0.93–1.46)

0.99 (0.66–1.47)

0.96 (0.66–1.38)

1.00

0.61 (0.40–0.93)

0.84 (0.61–1.15)

1.25 (0.81–1.94)

  1. aAdjusted by age
  2. bAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and breakfast intake
  3. cAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia
  4. dAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and BMI
  5. eAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and BMI
  6. fAdjusted by age, smoking habit, alcohol consumption, physical activity, breakfast intake, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and BMI
  7. HDL, high-density lipoprotein
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