Table 1 General characteristics of study population
Variables | Total | HOMA-IR > 1.6 | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | Â | YES | NO | Â | ||
| Â | N | % | N | % | N | % | Â |
Sedentary time (hours per day) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0360 |
 Q1 (<  5) | 511 | 19.9 | 206 | 40.3 | 305 | 59.7 |  |
 Q2 (5~7.9) | 997 | 38.7 | 413 | 41.4 | 584 | 58.6 |  |
 Q3 (8~9.9) | 577 | 22.4 | 255 | 44.2 | 322 | 55.8 |  |
 Q4 (≥10) | 488 | 19.0 | 236 | 48.4 | 252 | 51.6 |  |
Age | 0.0010 | ||||||
 19~29 | 488 | 19.0 | 225 | 46.1 | 263 | 53.9 |  |
 30~39 | 508 | 19.7 | 203 | 40.0 | 305 | 60.0 |  |
 40~49 | 623 | 24.2 | 243 | 39.0 | 380 | 61.0 |  |
 50~59 | 679 | 26.4 | 294 | 43.3 | 385 | 56.7 |  |
 ≥60 | 275 | 10.7 | 145 | 52.7 | 130 | 47.3 |  |
Sex | 0.0001 | ||||||
 Male | 1006 | 39.1 | 481 | 47.8 | 525 | 52.2 |  |
 Female | 1567 | 60.9 | 629 | 40.1 | 938 | 59.9 |  |
Income | 0.1138 | ||||||
 Low | 566 | 22.0 | 261 | 46.1 | 305 | 53.9 |  |
 Middle low | 648 | 25.2 | 276 | 42.6 | 372 | 57.4 |  |
 Middle high | 684 | 26.6 | 305 | 44.6 | 379 | 55.4 |  |
 High | 675 | 26.2 | 268 | 39.7 | 407 | 60.3 |  |
Education level | 0.0073 | ||||||
 Elementary school or less | 212 | 8.2 | 112 | 52.8 | 100 | 47.2 |  |
 Middle school | 226 | 8.8 | 89 | 39.4 | 137 | 60.6 |  |
 High school | 1023 | 39.8 | 453 | 44.3 | 570 | 55.7 |  |
 University or more | 1112 | 43.2 | 456 | 41.0 | 656 | 59.0 |  |
Employment status | <.0001 | ||||||
 Employed | 1748 | 67.9 | 748 | 42.8 | 1000 | 57.2 |  |
 Unemployed or economically inactive | 825 | 32.1 | 362 | 43.9 | 463 | 56.1 |  |
Marriage status | 0.2802 | ||||||
 Unmarried | 597 | 23.2 | 269 | 45.1 | 328 | 54.9 |  |
 Married | 1976 | 76.8 | 841 | 42.6 | 1135 | 57.4 |  |
Perceive health status | 0.0006 | ||||||
 Healthy | 873 | 33.9 | 332 | 38.0 | 541 | 62.0 |  |
 Normal | 1322 | 51.4 | 597 | 45.2 | 725 | 54.8 |  |
 Unhealthy | 378 | 14.7 | 181 | 47.9 | 197 | 52.1 |  |
Stress | 0.0060 | ||||||
 No | 1807 | 70.2 | 748 | 41.4 | 1059 | 58.6 |  |
 Yes | 766 | 29.8 | 362 | 47.3 | 404 | 52.7 |  |
Smoking | 0.0017 | ||||||
 None smoker | 1660 | 64.5 | 675 | 40.7 | 985 | 59.3 |  |
 Previous smoker | 471 | 18.3 | 232 | 49.3 | 239 | 50.7 |  |
 Current smoker | 442 | 17.2 | 203 | 45.9 | 239 | 54.1 |  |
Alcohol intake | 0.7786 | ||||||
 No | 539 | 20.9 | 243 | 45.1 | 296 | 54.9 |  |
 < 4 times a month | 1545 | 60.1 | 657 | 42.5 | 888 | 57.5 |  |
 2~3 times a week | 374 | 14.5 | 160 | 42.8 | 214 | 57.2 |  |
 ≥4 times a week | 115 | 4.5 | 50 | 43.5 | 65 | 56.5 |  |
BMI | <.0001 | ||||||
 Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 114 | 4.4 | 12 | 10.5 | 102 | 89.5 |  |
 Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) | 1666 | 64.8 | 533 | 32.0 | 1133 | 68.0 |  |
 Obesity (25 ≤ BMI) | 793 | 30.8 | 565 | 71.3 | 228 | 28.7 |  |
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity | 0.1828 | ||||||
 No | 1213 | 47.1 | 540 | 44.5 | 673 | 55.5 |  |
 Yes | 1360 | 52.9 | 570 | 41.9 | 790 | 58.1 |  |
Diet quality (Mean ± S.D) | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.83 ± 0.16 | 0.8722 | |||
Total | 2573 | 100.0 | 1110 | 43.1 | 1463 | 56.9 | Â |